We are no longer under the law. But, my question is this: Are the Ten Commandments part of the law or are they separate?
Ok. There are really several questions here. I'll give you the short answer and then an explanation.
Yes we are no longer under the law, but the law (at least the 10 commandments) is still binding. There are some parts of the Mosaic law that are
not binding. And there is a way to tell the difference.
How do I know the 10 commandments are still binding?
Look at what Jesus said about the 7th commandment in Matthew 5:28,29
28But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.
29And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
So what does this tell us? That even mental adultery is wrong and the sin of mental adultery can send you to hell. Sobering thought. But here's the good news.
1 John 2:1
My dear children, I write this to you so that you will not sin. But if anybody does sin, we have an advocate with the Father—Jesus Christ, the Righteous One.
And how does that work?
1 John 1:9 (New International Version, ©2010)
9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness.
Now how many times will Jesus forgive us for the same sin? Well He told us to pray that God forgive us in the same manner that we forgive those who sin against us. (See Matthew 6:12)
How often are we supposed to forgive others?
Matthew 18:21-23
21 Then Peter came to Jesus and asked, “Lord, how many times shall I forgive my brother or sister who sins against me? Up to seven times?”
22 Jesus answered, “I tell you, not seven times, but seventy-seven times.
Now I don't think Jesus picked that number as an arbitrary cut off. I think He realized that most people could keep up with 7 wrongs done against them, but they would lose count somewhere before reaching 77.
Now you asked what would happen if you willfully sinned? Well let's look at Hebrews 10:26-31.
26 If we deliberately keep on sinning after we have received the knowledge of the truth, no sacrifice for sins is left, 27 but only a fearful expectation of judgment and of raging fire that will consume the enemies of God. 28 Anyone who rejected the law of Moses died without mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 29 How much more severely do you think someone deserves to be punished who has trampled the Son of God underfoot, who has treated as an unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified them, and who has insulted the Spirit of grace? 30 For we know him who said, “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,”[d] and again, “The Lord will judge his people.”[e] 31 It is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
Oh boy! Another sobering passage! I know that there have been times in my Christian journey where I have purposefully, deliberately sinned because I wanted to. It wasn't a mere slip up. Does that mean that I can hang up all up? And how do we square this passage in Romans that nothing can separate us from the love of God? (Romans 8:35-39) Further the writer of Romans seems to condemn himself in Romans 7:19-25.
Well the key words in Hebrews 10:26 are "deliberately
keep on sinning". In other words, if you
give up on living right and just say "It doesn't matter because God will forgive me anyway", that's when you are in the most danger.
So what does it mean to not be under the law?
Well it means two things. One is that there are parts of the law that are no longer binding at all. Remember the law of Moses included the ceremonial law, health laws, the 10 commandment law etc. Many of the feast days (sabbaths - see Lev. 23:26-32) pointed to the coming of the messiah. So did the entire ceremonial sacrificial system. Since Jesus came there was no longer any need for a passover or a day of atonement or to kill a lamb, because the passover lamb pointed to Jesus. Instead Jesus gave us the Lord's supper in remembrance of him. (Luke 22:19) So none of the ceremonial "the messiah is coming law" is binding on the Christian.
But further the human administered death penalty for sin is longer binding. (Sorry Theorcrat, but stoning gays doesn't fit under the new covenant). How can I be certain of this?
Again Hebrews 10:28-31.
28 Anyone who rejected the law of Moses died without mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 29 How much more severely do you think someone deserves to be punished who has trampled the Son of God underfoot, who has treated as an unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified them, and who has insulted the Spirit of grace? 30 For we know him who said, “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,”[d] and again, “The Lord will judge his people.”[e] 31 It is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
Under the old covenant (the law of Moses) someone could be put to death for adultery or picking up sticks on Sabbath or a host of other things based on the "testimony of two or three witnesses." But now God says "It is mine to avenge; I will repay". Remember the law of Moses is called the law of sin
and death. (Romans 8:2). Further, remember that Jesus refused to stone the woman caught in adultery. He told her "neither do I condemn you, go and sin no more." (John 8:11). There is no record in the New Testament of Jesus or any of his followers ever meeting out any physical punishment for sin. Now maybe you're thinking "But what about Ananias and Sapphira?" (Acts 5) But according to the Bible nobody laid a hand on them and they just died on their own. More evidence that it is God and God alone who is supposed to punish sin. Sure there can be church discipline (removing people from church position for example), but when the church began persecuting "heretics" or Jews or whatever, it had stepped outside the new covenant.
So how do we know which laws still matter?
God gave commands to us to make our lives better, not to take away our fun. Jesus said "I am come that you may have life and have it more abundantly". (John 10:10) Does carrying around uncontrolled hate or lust in your heart make your life more abundant? Are you really happier if you are dishonest or if you steal or if you are envious of others? Does worshiping things (materialism) lead to happiness? Even the Sabbath was supposed to be for our happiness. Jesus said it was made for man and not man for it. (Mark 2:27) That command meant that even the lowliest indentured servant would get at least one day a week off. We take having two days a week off now for granted, but that was not always the case.
How about the health laws? Some Christians are ecstatic to be "free" from them. Ok, but then don't expect to fall under God's promise for blessing for health. (See Exodus 15:26). Nowadays most Christian churches preach tithe even though the only places its found in the New Testament is where Jesus said it wasn't as important as "weightier matters of the law". (Matt 23:23; Luke 11:42) So is not tithing a sin? Who am I to judge? But if you want to claim the promise of God in Malachi 3:10 then tithing is a wise thing to do. There are people who don't believe the Bible who tithe anyway. In order to set aside 10 percent of your income for charity, you have to first make a budget. The act of budgeting itself increases wealth regardless of whether there is a supernatural blessing involved. Plus having a generous heart is good in a lot of ways. Under the new covenant many Christians gave more than what was required under the tithing system. (Acts 2:45)
Still there are some other things from the law of Moses that no longer make sense. You don't have to have an outhouse just because of Deuteronomy 23:12-14. But, if you're backpacking, having a small shovel and leaving the camp to use the bathroom is still a good idea. So I suppose it depends on the context.
Conclusion
That's a long answer to a short question. So here's the Cliff's Notes summary. Jesus reaffirmed the 10 commandments at least in part. There are parts of the law of Moses that no longer apply at all. There is no longer any "condemnation" (human instituted punishment) under the law. But the 10 commandments and other parts of the law of Moses were really just there to help you lead a healthier, more prosperous and happier life. So this is where your conscious fits it. Understand the simple stuff. The look at the entire Bible as a source of God's blessing. And be motivated by love in your heart for God and your fellow man. Sure you'll make mistakes. But Jesus is ready to advocate for you with the Father and the Holy Spirit is there to help you get back on your feet. God is on your side. Never forget that.