Gnostic Christianity

AFPVet

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What is Gnosticism?

While most orthodox Christians believe gnosticism is "hidden" or heretical knowledge which is not to be learned, some former orthodox Christian ministers have become gnostics. I believe the books of Thomas, Mary, and Phillip are important gospels which complete the New Testament. While it may be hard for some to embrace gnosticism, for others who have a truly open mind, it is not difficult at all. Gnostic Christianity recognizes that similarities exist among other religions—further, in academic research, we know that if we see recurrences of data appear in different forms, it signifies that the material (or parts of it) is valid. Gnostics believe that pivotal gospels were left out of the biblical canon which should have been included.

The Gnostics were seekers, open to new knowledge, not fixated on the past but trusted the "living Christ."

For continued reading on gnosticism, here are a couple good sites:

http://gnosticschristians.com/page2.html

http://gnosis.org/welcome.html
 
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I find it interesting that some would favor what was allegedly written by St. Paul (who never knew Christ) over the alleged scriptures of three people who did.
 
I find it interesting that some would favor what was allegedly written by St. Paul (who never knew Christ) over the alleged scriptures of three people who did.

The three never wrote those texts. There are of dubious origin, first mentioned in the second century and attributed to a heretical breakaway sect called the Gnostics who were not in communion with the Church of the Apostles and tried to start their own religion. Their religion was regarded as heretical in the earliest Christian writers, most notably St. Ireneaus (bishop of Lyons who was ordained by St. Polycarb who himself was ordained Bishop by St. John the Theologian). Their sotoreology is completely different to the witness of the Church and the writings of the four Gospels which have always been considered to be authoratative. The Gnostic texts have become popular recently due to the discovery of these texts and because many Christians in the western world are looking for something more spiritual then what many of the more modern Christian faiths deliver.

Sadly, instead of going to the apostolic Church to be spiritually and physically healed and filled, they wander to the first heretical group of in the history of Christianity.
 
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I find it interesting that some would favor what was allegedly written by St. Paul (who never knew Christ) over the alleged scriptures of three people who did.

People who "knew" Christ is irrelevant. For example, Pontius Pilate "knew" Christ "better" than Paul did. But I doubt you'd claim Pilate was more of an authority on Christ than Paul was. What was, and is important, to a church leadership calling is authority. Paul received his calling directly from Jesus Christ and was ordained to his place by proper priesthood authority. That made him equal, if not superior, to anyone else writing based solely on what they thought they understood about Christ's teachings.
 
So far as I've been told from a somewhat learned friend, the letter of 1st John also touched on a Gnostic element when John addressed "those who think they are without sin" (paraphrased). I'd have to dig up a bunch of stuff to go much into that specific however. The gist of it as I understood it was that it appears there was a sect or group of persons who happened to think that God was already one with them, and that they only need listen to "the voice" within (yes, I'm certainly oversimplifying .. sorry about that). Were that the case, there would be no need to submit our life to Christ to do with as He sees fit, which is death to our "right" of self-rule.. to be ruled by the most kind being that exists eternally. If a person has not the Spirit of Christ, they are not His at all I'm afraid (Romans 8:9).. and a person does not have the Spirit of life or the Tree of Life imparted to them until He gives it, I believe.

Other Gnostic principles are things I know nothing about, and cannot comment. If I have mis-represented Gnostic principles, please inform me.

I don't hesitate to tell you all that I took time away from "churches" and "leaders" to seek God on my own. I went to Him and submitted myself, named ever sin that came to mind (weeks of prayer), and He did change me. I only submitted and sought forgiveness, He did the changing. It's the easiest hard thing (or the hardest easy thing) a person can ever do.
 
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Taken from 'Against Heresies' by St. Irenaeus, Church Father of the second century and disciple of St. Polycarb who was a disciple of St. John:


"As I said before, the Church, having received this preaching and this Faith, although she is disseminated throughout the whole world, yet guarded it, as if she occupied but one house. She likewise believed these things just as if she had but one soul and one and the same heart; and harmoniously she proclaims them and teaches them and hands them down, as if she possessed one mouth. For, while the languages of the world are diverse, nevertheless, the authority of the Tradition is one and the same. Neither do the Churches among the Germans believe otherwise or have another Tradition, nor do those among the Iberians, nor among the Celts, nor away in the East, or in Egypt, nor in Libya, nor those which have been established in the central regions of the world. But just as the sun, that creature of God, is one and the same throughout the whole world, so also the preaching of the Truth shines everywhere and enlightens all men who desire to come to a knowledge of the Truth. Nor will any of the rulers in the Churches, whatever his power of eloquence, teach otherwise, for no on is above the Teacher; nor will he who is weak in speaking subtract from the Tradition. For the Faith is one and the same, and cannot be amplified by one who is able to say much about it, nor can it be diminished by one who can say but little" [Against Heresies 1:10:2]."

"It is within the power of all, therefore, in every Church, who may wish to see the truth, to contemplate clearly the tradition of the apostles manifested throughout the whole world; and we are in a position to reckon up those who were by the apostles instituted bishops in the Churches, and [to demonstrate] the succession of these men to our own times; those who neither taught nor knew of anything like what these [heretics] rave about. For if the apostles had known hidden mysteries, which they were in the habit of imparting to "the perfect" apart and privily from the rest, they would have delivered them especially to those to whom they were also committing the Churches themselves. For they were desirous that these men should be very perfect and blameless in all things, whom also they were leaving behind as their successors, delivering up their own place of government to these men; which men, if they discharged their functions honestly, would be a great boon [to the Church], but if they should fall away, the direst calamity.

Since, however, it would be very tedious, in such a volume as this, to reckon up the successions of all the Churches, we do put to confusion all those who, in whatever manner, whether by an evil self-pleasing, by vainglory, or by blindness and perverse opinion, assemble in unauthorized meetings; [we do this, I say, ] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its pre- eminent authority, that is, the faithful everywhere, inasmuch as the apostolical tradition has been preserved continuously by those [faithful men] who exist everywhere.

The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy. To him succeeded Anacletus; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, Clement was allotted the bishopric. This man, as he had seen the blessed apostles, and had been conversant with them, might be said to have the preaching of the apostles still echoing [in his ears], and their traditions before his eyes. Nor was he alone [in this], for there were many still remaining who had received instructions from the apostles. In the time of this Clement, no small dissension having occurred among the brethren at Corinth, the Church in Rome despatched a most powerful letter to the Corinthians, exhorting them to peace, renewing their faith, and declaring the tradition which it had lately received from the apostles, proclaiming the one God, omnipotent, the Maker of heaven and earth, the Creator of man, who brought on the deluge, and called Abraham, who led the people from the land of Egypt, spake with Moses, set forth the law, sent the prophets, and who has prepared fire for the devil and his angels. From this document, whosoever chooses to do so, may learn that He, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, was preached by the Churches, and may also understand the apostolical tradition of the Church, since this Epistle is of older date than these men who are now propagating falsehood, and who conjure into existence another god beyond the Creator and the Maker of all existing things….

But Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by apostles in Asia, appointed bishop of the Church in Smyrna, whom I also saw in my early youth, for he tarried [on earth] a very long time, and, when a very old man, gloriously and most nobly suffering martyrdom, departed this life, having always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone are true. To these things all the Asiatic Churches testify, as do also those men who have succeeded Polycarp down to the present time,-a man who was of much greater weight, and a more stedfast witness of truth, than Valentinus, and Marcion, and the rest of the heretics. He it was who, coming to Rome in the time of Anicetus caused many to turn away from the aforesaid heretics to the Church of God, proclaiming that he had received this one and sole truth from the apostles,-that, namely, which is handed down by the Church. There are also those who heard from him that John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let us fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within." And Polycarp himself replied to Marcion, who met him on one occasion, and said, "Dost thou know me? ""I do know thee, the first-born of Satan." Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, "A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject; knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself." There is also a very powerful Epistle of Polycarp written to the Philippians, from which those who choose to do so, and are anxious about their salvation, can learn the character of his faith, and the preaching of the truth. Then, again, the Church in Ephesus, founded by Paul, and having John remaining among them permanently until the times of Trajan, is a true witness of the tradition of the apostles" [3:3:1-4].

"When, therefore, we have such proofs, it is not necessary to seek among others the Truth which is easily obtained from the Church. For the Apostles, like a rich man in a bank, deposited with her most copiously everything which pertains to the Truth, and everyone whosoever wishes draws from her the drink of life. For she is the entrance to life, while all the rest are thieves and robbers. That is why it is surely necessary to avoid them, while cherishing with the utmost diligence the things pertaining to the Church, and to lay hold of the Traditions of Truth. What then? If there should be a dispute over some kind of question, ought we not have recourse to the most ancient Churches in which the Apostles were familiar, and draw from them what is clear and certain in regard to that question? What if the Apostles had not in fact left writings to us? Would it not be necessary to follow the order of Tradition, which was handed down to those whom they entrusted the Churches?" [3:4:1].



In short, the teachings of the Orthodox Church have a historical record that can be examined, and St. Irenaeus could say "I was taught the faith by St. Polycarp, and he was taught it by the Apostle John himself". The Gnostics had nothing but claims and assertions without any evidence to support their claims -- and this in the face of overwhelming evidence that their teachings had no roots at all in the Judeo-Christian Tradition.
 
Heresy through the Ages
By Ina Belderis

We usually think of heresy as something opposed to orthodoxy. Heresy, however, comes from the Greek hairesis, which means choice. Originally it was not used in a derogatory sense, but as a technical term for a philosophical school or the doctrines of a religion. In current usage heresy is a belief or opinion contrary to what is generally accepted, especially in religion, and more particularly in opposition to the orthodoxy of the Christian Church. Orthodoxy is derived from two Greek words: orthos (right or true) and doxa (opinion), so that orthodoxy means right opinion, usually in a religious sense.

Who decides what is the right opinion and what is not? For many centuries the Church in the West decided what was right in human affairs. Its claims for having the right opinion were based on its interpretation of the Bible and the Church's own traditions. These interpretations have promoted the view that Church history, Church doctrine, and the Church hierarchy are all based on an uninterrupted tradition stemming from Jesus Christ. The existence of numerous heresies, however, indicates that there are many alternative views.

The problem with tracing traditions back to Jesus is that the accounts of his life and teachings were written many years after his death. The earliest writings in the New Testament are letters by Paul, dated between 50 and 60 A.D., and Paul never met Jesus. The earliest Gospel is dated around 70 A.D. In fact, there were many other accounts of the life of Jesus than the few that were finally retained in the New Testament, for example the so-called apocryphal writings, including other gospels and epistles, which were accepted in the first four centuries but were later rejected. Discoveries such as those from Nag Hammadi have given us a wealth of material which throws a different light on the life and teachings of Jesus.

The decisions about which writings to include in the New Testament and which to exclude were made by the council of bishops. Certain aspects of Church doctrines and traditions were introduced by these early Church Fathers:

-- Cyprian developed the idea that the Church is the mediator of salvation;
-- Ignatius of Antioch declared the office of bishop a divine institution;
-- Eusebius wrote the history of the Church;
-- Origen tried to reconcile classical philosophy with the Christian religion, and
-- Augustine helped to define certain doctrines about the trinity, the nature of Christ, and predestination.

The decisions of these and other bishops on history, hierarchy, and textual authenticity were made centuries after the death of Jesus and his disciples, and are the result of heated debates and often long-standing disputes. It is important to realize that those who decided were human beings, well-intentioned perhaps, but not infallible or entirely free from the corruption of power. Disputes took place between bishops, religious leaders, and others with opposing opinions -- within and outside the Church. Most of its history has come to us through the eyes of the winning party -- the losers were called heretics, the winners calling themselves orthodox. It is definitely in the interest of the winner to represent these conflicts as insignificant and to maintain that there has always been one main line of undisputed orthodoxy from the beginning. Eusebius did this in his History of the Church, even though there was very little proof to support his views.

Before the first half of the 3rd century it is inaccurate to speak of a dominant strain of Christianity. Only in the 4th century did concepts about the trinity and certain other dogmas develop, while disputes over acceptable biblical texts lasted until the 5th century. It was not until 451 at the Council of Chalcedon that the apostolic creed was adopted. There was no written history of the Church until Eusebius wrote his in the 4th century. But even then many other matters of doctrine, points of faith, and Christian philosophy were still not decided. Christianity in the first few centuries was more heterogeneous than it is now, with many flagrantly different viewpoints competing with each other -- in those days there was neither orthodoxy nor heresy.

These conflicts revolved around essential questions, and the solutions of the Church did not satisfy everyone. Often these controversies took place between two bishops who passionately refuted each other's point of view -- each of them with his ardent supporters. There were many factions of disagreeing bishops using their own interpretations of certain scriptures. Only when one group gained the support of worldly powers did the phenomenon of anathematizing have any consequence, because worldly powers encouraged and helped enforce it. The winning faction, calling itself orthodox, branded people with other opinions heretics, and many a sincere bishop found himself cast out of the Church. After support of worldly power came in the 4th century with the Emperor Constantine, emperors often called Church Councils to decide on matters of faith because they were pressured by one or both contending factions. The losing party, usually led by a charismatic person, often founded his own church or sect.

The controversies were manifold, but tracing certain major trends can be very enlightening. One of the most important concerns the nature of Christ. Should the focus be on Christ as a physical being who was born, lived, and was crucified, and who rose in the flesh, all for the purpose of redeeming the sins of man? Or should the Christ story be seen as an allegory of the spiritual awakening of every man, as many of the Gnostic groups claimed? According to this line of thought everyone is able -- through knowledge (gnosis) and conscious effort -- to develop his higher self or Christ nature. Jesus was considered a teacher, who set the example and led the way to this goal. In any case, his actual physical existence was much less important and was even denied by some groups. Others held the view that Christ's body was a phantom, that he only seemed to be human and that the crucifixion and suffering were only an outward appearance. This is called Docetism from the Greek dokein -- to seem or to appear. One result of this view of Christ is that the idea of Mary as the mother of God loses its validity. If Christ is not really physical, Mary was not his mother and was an ordinary woman, so followers of this view rejected the worship of Mary.

Another aspect of gnostic thought is that man should be his own redeemer, that he has a spark of divinity within him that gives him the power of his own redemption. This results in the idea of equality of the sexes: anyone who has gained gnosis and has become more or less enlightened may be a teacher, man or woman. A high ethical and moral attitude was emphasized and determined membership of these groups. In the orthodox church one could be saved only through the mediation of its ordained clergy, who were always men, and the requirements for membership were baptism and confession of creed.

The Church Council of Chalcedon decided that Christ had two natures, human and divine. While this was the Church's solution to whether Christ was God, man, or both, there was an opposing opinion that Christ could have only one nature: a divine nature. Followers of this idea were called Monophysites and after the Council of Chalcedon they were declared heretics. A famous example of a Monophysite is Bishop Nestorius, who in the 5th century had a large following in the Near East. As a matter of fact, Nestorians still exist in that area.

One dispute in the 4th century, also dealing with the nature of Christ, held the early Church in its grip for decades: the Arian controversy. Arius taught that the Son could not possibly be the same as the Father. He should follow after him, because the Son was begotten and therefore had a beginning. God, however, was indivisible. So Christ was like (Gk, homoi-ousios) the Father, but not the same. Bishop Athanasius attacked Arius with the view that Christ is the Logos, fully God and of the same substance as the Father, expressed in the term homo-ousios. For years they and their supporters argued over one iota (the i in homoi). Finally Athanasius won when the Council of Nicea in 325 decided in favor of homo-ousios -- the Son being of the same substance as the Father. Nevertheless, Arianism was widespread in the Eastern empire in the 4th century, and lingered on in some areas up to the 7th century. The Emperor Constantine was in fact converted to Christianity by an Arian heretic. At that time the issue was not very clear to most Christians and was considered little more than Greek hair-splitting.

The question of good and evil was also a common source of disagreement. If God is good, where does the evil in the world come from? If God is not responsible for evil, then there must be another power who is, which results in a power struggle between the forces of good and the forces of evil. The Church's view about the Fall of man and the Garden of Eden is well known. In many gnostic-dualist circles, however, it was believed that there is an unknown God, that the world was created by a lower god, called the demiurge, creator, or builder, and often even the Devil or Satan. The souls of men belong to the unknown God, but they are imprisoned in bodies of matter by the demiurge. Many different myths have variations on this theme. Escaping from the power of the demiurge and returning to the unknown God was essential. This dualism in its moderate form believed that the unknown God would eventually win over the dark powers; in its radical form there was an external struggle between good and evil. This view led to the rejection of the Old Testament as the book of the creator or demiurge.

These dualistic ideas are very old -- certainly as old as Christianity itself, and in their root forms much older. Some well-known adherents to this way of thinking were Marcion, Valentinus, and Basilides in the 2nd century, and Mani in the 3rd. Dualism can be traced as it came from Persia to Asia Minor and to Thrace in Greece where the Paulicians were active in the 7th century and later. After that it spread over the Balkans, became very strong, and manifested among the so-called Bogomils in the 10th century. The Balkans were dualist for many centuries and had their own churches and bishops. For some time it was the main religion in Bosnia (now part of Yugoslavia). It affected mainly the common people, as the nobility and rulers usually followed the orthodox Christian approach. From the Balkans it advanced to Northern Italy and Southern France, where it flourished in Languedoc and Provence in the 12th and 13th centuries; there the dualists were called Cathars and Albigenses. The total culture in this area was influenced by dualism, the whole population being involved, from the nobility to ordinary people -- until it became so overwhelming and powerful that it began to replace the orthodox Christian faith. This formed a severe threat to the Church, which called in the help of worldly powers -- in this case the King of France -- to crush it. The result was the Albigensian Crusade. With the help of the Inquisition, dualism was systematically attacked, destroyed and practically wiped out in Southern France. From France these ideas had spread to Spain, Flanders, Germany, and even England. Its presence continued in many different places throughout Europe and some of its ideas were adopted by the Reformation.

One other major issue resulted in the denunciation of still more heretics: the doctrine of original sin and predestination. In the 4th century Pelagius refuted Augustine's doctrine of predestination and rejected any idea of the fall of Adam and Eve. According to Pelagius, the mistakes of man do not come from inherent, bad inclination, but from the ability to choose. When one does not use this ability correctly, one is guilty: sin is a matter of will. Pelagius rejected the view of Augustine that man was doomed because of Adam; he considered death as something natural, not a punishment. Pelagianism was anathematized in the 6th century.

By now it should be evident that what we call orthodox Christianity is in fact a collection of choices, made by human beings in positions of power. The Gnostics and followers of other heretical movements simply made other choices. It is remarkable that these alternative ideas have existed from the time of Christ and even through the Middle Ages, and still have not really disappeared. Why? Because they have to do with the irrepressible search for truth, the spiritual quest of man and woman, our search for the answers to the ultimate questions: who are we, where did we come from, and what is our destiny?

From time immemorial there has been a wisdom tradition that has helped humanity find these answers. In this tradition, ultimate reality or ultimate truth is beyond man, but fragments of it can be found everywhere, sometimes pointing to the whole but often distorted and misunderstood. This wisdom can be found in practically every religion and philosophical system on earth. It exists in orthodox Christianity, but much of it has been obscured by dogma. Interestingly enough, there is a great deal of ancient wisdom to be found in the various heresies.

Seeing Christ as a spiritual being and teacher, one who points the way to a self-directed spiritual evolution, echoes the teachings of the esoteric philosophy that man himself is responsible for his own spiritual development. From time to time world teachers appear on earth to remind us of this, and Jesus was one of them. The perennial philosophy also speaks of the coming into being and development of this earth by so-called builders or creative forces, directed by higher beings or architects. There is no absolute good or evil, only beings that are more or less in harmony with the whole. Bodies or forms are brought forth by the less perfected creators, whereas the mental and spiritual aspects are quickened by more evolved beings. The teachings of numerous gnostic-dualist groups show definite parallels with these ideas, some of which have been preserved in purer forms than others.

In ancient times this wisdom was taught in Mystery schools only after people had been initiated, and after they had pledged to keep it secret. Many of the early teachers and even some of the early bishops were initiates in these schools and knowledge of the esoteric philosophy often comes through in their writings. When the Church became an institutionalized power structure with certain worldly goals, the emphasis of the teachings became more exoteric than esoteric. The real meaning was gradually lost, and fewer and fewer people were really initiated and instructed. Teachings that were originally esoteric became crystallized, because the uninstructed tried to explain them. At this point the teachings were distorted and exoteric power structures claimed authority in matters of the spirit.

The question for us today is: which choice holds the right opinion? Supported by the esoteric philosophy, many heresies claim that all of us have the right and duty to find the truth within ourselves, that we should trust our own intuition to make these choices, and that we need no mediator to bring us in touch with the Divine because we are rays or sparks of it ourselves. As sparks of the Divine we are all part of the greater whole and all connected in countless ways. This should make us realize that there is a place for everyone and for everyone's opinion about the path to our inner being. Differences of opinion do not make anyone heretical or orthodox. The ancient tradition approaches heresy in a completely different way: it holds that there is really only one heresy in life, and that is thinking that one is separate from the universe and everything in it. Considering that each of us has only a part of the truth and that one person's truth is no more authoritative than another's, we should try to avoid seeing our own view as the only correct one. This cannot help but make us more tolerant of our fellow human beings, who value their choices and opinions as much as we value ours The epitome of this kind of tolerance is expressed by the poet Edwin Markham:

He drew a circle that left me out -- heretic, rebel -- a thing to flout;
But love and I had the wit to win -- we drew a circle that took him in.
 
Pearson, Birger 1990 Gnosticism, Judaism and Egyptian Christianity
Fortress Press, Minneapolis ISBN 0-8006-3104-8

Friedlander Revisited: Alexandrian Judaism and Gnostic Origins

In many fields of human endeavor it sometimes happens that a person sets forth seemingly outlandish theories; the work is dismissed lightly, or perhaps ponderously refuted, and then lies unnoticed by the next generation. At last, however, someone takes notice of what had been proposed many years before, and the earlier work tums out to be exceedingly useful when looked at with new evidence and by a different generation. For example, Alfred Wegener, in a book entitled The Origin of Continents and Oceans, published in 1915, put forward the thesis that South America once lay alongside Africa, but that in a process of many aeons the two continents drifted far away from each other, having been split apart by forces generated beneath the earth's crust. He went on to observe that all of the earth's continents have shifted and broken apart over vast spaces of fime, and are still in the process of drifting. Wegener was laughed out of court by the geologists of his day, and died in 1930 surrounded by incredulity and derision. Now, as we all know, the theory of continental drift has become almost an orthodoxy.' The field of the history of religions also has its Wegeners, and scholars whose interests lie in the complex history of the religions of the Hellenistic-Roman world are well advised to look into the work of bygone eras of scholarship for 'new' light on current areas of interest. Much is currently being written on the question of the origins of Gnosticism and the relationship of Gnosticism to Judaism. It seems to me useful, for the purpose of further discussion, to exhume from the dust of many decades some interesting and provocative ideas set forth by Moritz Friedlander, whose theses did not meet with the approval of his contemporaries, but which may very well be taken more seriously now. In a book entitled Der vorchristliche jiidische Gnosticismus, Friedldnder put forth the thesis that Gnosticism is a pre-Christian phenomenon which originated in antinomian circles in the Jewish community of Alexandria. This Gnosticism, against which Philo polemicizes, came early to Palestine; and the rabbinic polemics against the Minim are directed specifically at such Gnostics. Christian Gnosticism is simply a secondary version of the older Gnosticism' which attached itself to the emergent Christian sect and appropriated for itself the figure of Jesus Christ.

FRIEDLANDER'S ARGUMENTS

Friedlander's thesis is worth considering in some detail. In this article I first want to set forth his main arguments, concentrating especially on what he derives from his reading of Philo. Then I shall comment briefly on the issues he raised from the vantage point of modern scholarship and on the basis of materials unknown to Friedlander and his generation that we now have at our disposal.

It should be mentioned that Friedlander did not write in a vacuum; others had for many years and even decades written on Gnosticism, and specifically on the relationship of Gnosticism to Judaism. Two of the most important of these are H. Graetz and M. Joel. But Friedladnder was the first, to my knowledge, to suggest that Gnosticism originated in Judaism.

more @ http://www.dhushara.com/book/consum/gnos/jgnos.htm
 
Before the first half of the 3rd century it is inaccurate to speak of a dominant strain of Christianity..

But this is not true. There was indeed one dominant strain of Christianity, and it was that of the one Church which had already spread far and wide, ordaining bishops and priests in the various cities. While there were indeed heretical sects, there was still but only one Church which communed from the one cup of the Eucharist. These Gnostic heresies about archons and pagan beliefs were never in communion with the Church and indeed spoke a completely different faith then that of the Apostles. If one wishes to listen to these heretics over the Church of the Apostles, then one may certainly do so. But to try to paint some revisionist history like there was no Church in the first three centuries is, in a word, a lie.
 
so libertyjam, you believe in the gods Bysthus and Sophia and that the Old Testament YAWEH was a confused God who actually didn't create the universe?

And somehow this is being passed off as Christian?
 
so libertyjam, you believe in the gods Bysthus and Sophia and that the Old Testament YAWEH was a confused God who actually didn't create the universe?

And somehow this is being passed off as Christian?

No, I have posted nothing here about my beliefs.

What I have provided, perhaps is to touch on scholars that provide more than an appeal to authority so that maybe others can further and stimulate their own research.

edit to add: personally I am currently of the view that the 2nd century gnostics adopted some of the Christian beliefs into their eschatology, born from the pre-christian gnostic (pre-gnostic?) ideas developed in amognst the 'philosophical' Judahites merging of Helenistic and the old Law.

if you would look at the references it continues:
"The allegorical interpretation of the Law must have led to divisions in Diaspora Judaism between 'conservative' Jews who observed the letter of the Law and 'philosophizers' who regarded the letter of the Law as peripheral. Such a division is not merely a hypothetical reconstruction, but is well documented in historical sources. Eusebius specifically speaks of two parties in Diaspora Judaism whose differences are precisely delineated along the lines here suggested . Philo himself provides clear evidence of such divisions. A key text in Friedlander's argument is On the Migration of Abraham 86-93, which Friedlander quotes in full. In this text, wherein Philo polemicizes against allegorists who neglect the letter of the Law and derive from it only spiritual truths, we have reflected a full-blown schism in the Diaspora. An 'antinomian' party of Jews is referred to here. They differ from the Therapeutae, the Palestinian Essenes, and Philo himself not so much in their use of allegory, but precisely in their antinon-dan tendencies.

A number of Jewish sects are known to us from antiquity whose views were suspect in the eyes of law-abiding Jews, Friedlander continues. Among these are the 'Sibyllists' known to Origen, probably identical to the 'pious ones' referred to in the Sibylline Oracles, book 4. Justin Martyr refers to some pre-Christian sects among the Jews , at least one of which, the 'Hellenians,' is surely a reference to a Diaspora group. Hegesippus derives all Christian heresies from pre-Christian Jewish heresies. According to him the Gnostic heresy reared its ugly head in the church soon after the death of the apostles. The implication of Hegesippus's statement is that 'false' gnosis was already extant in apostolic times, but the powerful influence of the apostles kept it from blosson-dng in the church. The origin of this 'false gnosis,' if we consider the testimony of Hegesippus, is found in pre-Christian Judaism. The view of some later fathers that heresy is necessarily later than orthodoxy is obviously tendentious (9-17)."
 
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what do you care?

It saddens me to see people fall for heresies and follow the road to perdition. Should I be like you and not care? Or do you care so much that you let those in error be without trying to help them?
 
No, I have posted nothing here about my beliefs.

What I have provided, perhaps is to touch on scholars that provide more than an appeal to authority so that maybe others can further and stimulate their own research.

Oh. I thought you were a Gnostic Christian and believed in those gods.
 
It saddens me to see people fall for heresies and follow the road to perdition. Should I be like you and not care? Or do you care so much that you let those in error be without trying to help them?

There are more things in heaven and earth, TER, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
 
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