The 1804 massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of French colonists[SUP]
[130][/SUP] and loyalists,[SUP]
[131][/SUP] both enemies and traitors of the revolution,[SUP]
[132][/SUP] by the black population of Haiti on the order of
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared the French as
barbarians, demanding their expulsion and vengeance for their crimes.[SUP]
[133][/SUP][SUP]
[134][/SUP] The massacre—which took place in the entire territory of Haiti—was carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804. During February and March, Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out. Despite his orders, the massacres were often not carried out until he personally visited the cities.[SUP]
[135][/SUP]
The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders.[SUP]
[136][/SUP] When Dessalines arrived, he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former French authorities, such as
Rochambeau and Leclerc, after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area's French population be carried out. Reportedly, he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of mixed-race, so that blame would not rest solely on the black population.[SUP][111][/SUP] Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities. In parallel to the killings, plundering and rape also occurred.[SUP][111][/SUP] Women and children were generally killed last. White women were "often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death".[SUP][111][/SUP]
By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed[SUP]
[137][/SUP] practically eradicating the country's white population. Dessalines had specifically stated that France is "the real enemy of the new nation." This allowed certain categories of whites to be excluded from massacre who had to pledge their rejection to France: the Polish soldiers who deserted from the French army; the group of German colonists of Nord-Ouest who were inhabitants before the revolution; French widows who were allowed to keep their property;[SUP]
[134][/SUP] select male Frenchmen;[SUP]
[138][/SUP] and a group of medical doctors and professionals.[SUP]
[135][/SUP] Reportedly, also people with connections to Haitian notables were spared,[SUP][111][/SUP] as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.[SUP]
[137][/SUP]