RE: the "Barbary pirates" excuse the defenders of this action seem to have glommed on to:
https://x.com/TenthAmendment/status/1965211903757877427
to:
https://x.com/TenthAmendment/status/1965217128484909348
{Tenth Amendment Center
@TenthAmendment | 09 September 2025}
THOMAS JEFFERSON VS THE BARBARY PIRATES
A Timeline and THREAD
that proves Jefferson did NOT use offensive military action without first getting approval from Congress.
and proves that almost everything the government-run "education" system has taught you is a lie, or littered with propaganda.
This one goes to 11.

October 7, 1800: Five months before Jefferson takes office, the Pasha of Tripoli demands more tribute money from the U.S., threatening to "forge a pretext to capture your defenseless merchantmen."

February 21, 1801: The U.S. consul in Tripoli, James Cathcart, warns that the Pasha will "commence Hostilitys against the U. States of America in less than Sixty Days."

Pre-Inauguration, 1801: Congress passes the "Act Providing for a Naval Peace Establishment," which gives the President authority to officer and man six frigates.

May 14, 1801: The Pasha of Tripoli formally declares war on the United States

May 15, 1801: Unaware that war had been declared the previous day, President Jefferson holds a cabinet meeting.
The consensus is that if war is declared by Tripoli, the U.S. Navy may only act in self-defense until Congress approves offensive measures.
Jefferson's notes show his cabinet believed they were not authorized to "search for & destroy the enemy’s vessels" without a state of war, and even then, there were disagreements about the extent of that power.
Attorney General Levi Lincoln, Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, Secretary of State James Madison, and Acting Secretary of the Navy Samuel Smith - all unanimously agreed that defensive measures were the only thing authorized without approval from Congress.

May 20, 1801: Jefferson sends a naval squadron to the Mediterranean with orders for Commodore Richard Dale. The primary mission is to "superintend the safety of our commerce."
The orders explicitly state that only if Dale finds that war has already been declared should he take defensive action by blockading the port of Tripoli.
If no war was declared? Make a peace offer to the Pasha of Tripoli, “Great and Respected Friend.”
“The assurances of friendship which our Consul has given you, & of our sincere desire to cultivate peace & commerce with your subjects, are faithful expressions of our dispositions, and you will continue to find proofs of them in all those acts of respect & friendly intercourse which are due6 between nations standing as we do in the relations of peace & amity with each other”

July 1, 1801: The American squadron arrives and learns of Tripoli's declaration of war. Following Jefferson's defensive orders, Commodore Dale establishes a blockade of the port.
Jefferson's order to the squadron:
“Should the bey of tripoli have declared war (as he has threatened) against the united states – you will then proceed direct to that Port, where you will lay your ships in such a position as effectually to prevent any of their vessels from going in or out. The essex and enterprise by cruising well on towards tunis will have it in their power to intercept any vessels which they may have captuers”

Summer 1801: As a result of the defensive blockade, the USS Enterprise defeats the 14-gun corsair Tripoli in a Naval Battle.
Because Congress had not yet authorized offensive action or declared war themselves, Captain Andrew Sterret could not even take the ship as a prize.
Instead, he merely disarmed it by throwing its guns overboard and released the ship and its crew.
December 8, 1801: In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jefferson reports on Tripoli's declared war and ongoing aggression.
He states he is "unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense."
He explicitly asks Congress to consider "authorizing measures of offense" to put the U.S. on an equal footing with its adversary.

December 8, 1801: In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jefferson reports on Tripoli's declared war and ongoing aggression.
He states he is "unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense."
He explicitly asks Congress to consider "authorizing measures of offense" to put the U.S. on an equal footing with its adversary.
February 6, 1802: In response to Jefferson's request for offensive war powers, Congress passes the "Act for the Protection of American Commerce and Seamen."
This act grants Jefferson the specific, limited authority to "subdue, seize and make prize of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli."

February 6, 1802: In response to Jefferson's request for offensive war powers, Congress passes the "Act for the Protection of American Commerce and Seamen."
This act grants Jefferson the specific, limited authority to "subdue, seize and make prize of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli."

February 18, 1802: Only after receiving authorization from Congress does Jefferson issue a circular to his naval commanders authorizing offensive action.
The new orders explicitly cite the statute passed by Congress and direct them to "subdue, seize, and make prize" of Tripolitan vessels.
Bonus: We also used to get this wrong - like virtually every other American.
It started as "Thomas jefferson did it"
Then it went to "Jefferson held the line of defense, but in response to attacks, could go on the offense"
Then we learned - Jefferson was FAR MORE STRICT - couldn't go on offense - even after a declaration of war against the US - and attacks against US Ships.
Then we learned - this is exactly what Pres. Adams did in the years prior. In the face of the FRENCH NAVY seizing over 300 ships - he stayed on the defense, and couldn't use offensive measures until congress gave him authorization in the "quasi war"