presence
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- Dec 20, 2011
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rights that are not specified in the Constitution can't and aren't be rights
the powers are enumerated, and it follows,
that all that are not granted by the constitution are retained;
that the constitution is a bill of powers,
the great residuum being the rights of the people
James Madison 1790
the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius would not be used at a later time to deny fundamental rights merely because they were not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.
Gibson v. Matthews, 926 F.2d 532, 537 (6th Cir. 1991)
The purpose of the Ninth Amendment was to ensure that all [enumerated and unenumerated] individual natural rights had the same stature and force after some of them were enumerated as they had before; and its existence argued against a latitudinarian interpretation of federal powers.
The Presumption of Liberty by Barnett, R.E., published by Princeton University Press.
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