”Angel” doesn’t always mean heavenly being
Agreed.
The LXX translators rendered this as "angels of God" (*angelon theou*), but that’s just an interpretation, not a literal translation.
But even if we accept the word "angels," it doesn't prove they are heavenly beings. The Strong's definition for angel (G32 aggelos) is simply "a messenger, envoy, one who is sent." It describes a function, not necessarily a nature.
You've noted yourself that the "angels" of the seven churches in Revelation 2 and 3 are people, not heavenly beings. So, even if the Septuagint uses the word "angel," it isn't required to mean heavenly beings.
But this argues my point, not yours in this case. In the Revelation letters to the seven churches, the reason for using this language is clearly to call attention to (a) the high calling of the bishops of the seven churches, and their answerability to the ascended, heavenly Lord Jesus and (b) their future station if they remain secure in their calling, that is, to join the ranks of the angels in heaven
as sons of God, that is, as heavenly beings bearing the authority of God. To properly understand this, we need to understand the doctrine of glorification, which many Protestant churches have not remained fully faithful to the clear teaching of the Bible -- Anselm pithily summarized it as, "God became man that man might become God." Not "gods", but one with God himself,
in eternity. This refers explicitly to the royal authority which we will have in Jesus Christ, as co-heirs with him (of the kingdom of God). This is
why, even though we are made lower than the angels (Psalm 8:5), we will yet judge them (1 Cor. 6:3), having royal authority in Jesus Christ. Strictly future, of course, but if we are to properly understand why Jesus says of the bishops of the seven churches "To the angel of ___, write", we must understand the structure of
heavenly authority. Jesus is Lord not only of earth, but also heaven (Matt. 28:18), and we are co-heirs
in him of that very same royal authority, see Luke 10:20, etc.
I agree with you on Deut. 14:1 being a use of the phrase "sons of God", just slightly reworded. But when we apply our New Testament understanding and ask, "What was Moses trying to say in Deut. 14:1 by describing the congregation of Israel as 'sons of God'?", it's immediately obvious -- it's the very same thing that Jesus is doing in Rev. 2,3 when he refers to the bishops of those churches as "angels", or when John says in John 1:12, "To them gave he the right to become the sons of God". We are not yet in the heavenlies,
but we will be (if indeed we are in Christ), and we will bear authority
greater than that of the angels (1 Cor. 6:3, etc.) Therefore, we ought to act like it! "You are sons of God (to be)... so act like it!" We already know that we are sons of God by the down-payment of the Holy Spirit in our hearts, but there is yet a future fullness which is yet coming, and which we have not yet received. That future fullness we will receive in glory, as God unifies us to himself, through Jesus (2Cor 5:18).
But this is clearly not what is being said in Genesis 6, in fact, the exact opposite. These "sons of God" were no actual sons of God at all, but rebels and traitors. So, the plain reading of the text simply does not comport with the sense that you want to imprint on it. Moses surely is not referring to their
moral status as "sons of God" -- so in what sense are they "sons of God"? If not their moral status, then their creaturely station as heavenly beings (as in all the other places this phrase is used). It is not referring to their moral status (as Deut. 14, Rev. 2,3, John 1:12, etc. are), it is referring to their station as heavenly beings and this is directly pertinent to the phrase, "daughters of Adam" which, again, is referring to their station as earthly creatures. If anything, these women appear to be victims or objects in this whole episode, there is no indication that they were whoring "daughters of Cain" or some kind of sinful women since the bene ha'Elohim simply took whichever of them
they chose and bore the Nephilim by them. In the case of Rev. 2,3, Jesus is referring to human bishops
as angels; in Genesis 6, Moses is simply referring directly to angels. If he had intended to refer to men, he would have just spoken plainly and said that. Something like, "These men, former sons of God, saw that the daughters of Adam were fair and married whichever of them they chose..." But that's not what he says, nor in any way like it.
In respect to angel referring to an office (as messenger), this also makes my case, not yours --- the "sons of God" in Genesis 6 certainly were not messengers of God, and we see many instances throughout the text where the term "angel" is referring not to any holy angel, but to some kind of wicked creature. We see in 2 Cor. 11:13-15 that Satan has his own apostles, who oppose the church of Jesus from within; I see no problem including these men among the number of the devil's angels (Matt. 25:41), so that the description "angels of the devil" would not necessarily indicate a creaturely station (heaven or earth), but an allegiance. Nevertheless, we must take care to let the biblical cosmology prevail in our thinking and not allow Gnostic cosmology to inadvertently influence our thinking, as though "heaven" refers to some other "dimension" when Scripture nowhere speaks of it this way, with the possible exception of the very throne-room of God in Ezek. 1, Rev. 4,5, etc. which is the "highest heavens" (1 Kings 8:27) where human eye cannot pierce and nothing more can be said about it than what we have in Scripture. With all of that said, Paul is clear that we are definitely going to change our station (1 Cor. 15) when we receive our resurrection bodies, and we are glorified and unified with God in Jesus Christ -- we will no longer be earthly beings, we will be heavenly beings. So the term "the angel of the church of ____" should not be merely understood to say that the bishop of this church is taken to be among the number of the believers, but it is specifically referring forward to the future change of station which these men will undergo, in order to emphasize and underscore the dread severity of their obligation to Jesus Christ. God charges his angels with error (Job 4:18), and Jesus warns these bishops that he can, and will, do the same with them. Our change of station should be no cause of laxity or apathy, as though we have "arrived" and now we can rest from watching against sin. No, our future station as heavenly beings only further underscores our obligation to keep watch against sin. Deut. 14:1 is essentially exactly this same lesson, but in the Old Testament context.
Regarding the "sons of God" (*bene ha Elohim*) phrase, I think we have to look at what Moses was doing in the chapters leading up to Genesis 6.
Genesis 4 and 5 already established two groups: the line of Seth (calling on God) and the line of Cain (violence). It seems like a stretch to ignore that history and import a definition from Job. Moses himself uses this language for humans. In Deuteronomy 14:1, he tells Israel, "Ye are the children [sons] of the LORD your God."
We agree that there is a spiritual lesson in Genesis 4-6. But I think you are the one who is not incorporating the full context, here. The context starts at Genesis 3, not 4... this isn't just a "contrast of two lines", this is a contrast of two lines (spiritually) and how they connect the Fall itself and Satan's own motive in tempting Eve, to its eventual fruits (Gen. 6:1-7): the antediluvian wickedness. Genesis 6 was Satan's purpose for tempting Eve. Jesus affirms this in Matthew 24:37 when he prophesies "As it was in the days of Noah, so it will be at the coming of the Son of Man" -- why would this happen, why would the world return to that global debauchery if there were not some force
agitating to that end? Which is precisely what the devil has been doing ever since the Flood (see Babel, Sodom, Babylon, the Crucifixion, etc.)
To clarify, this has nothing to do with minimizing human sin in participating in the devil's schemes -- human guilt is more than sufficient to damn us all to hell, nothing is clearer in Scripture. Nevertheless, the sinfulness of man is not even close to the full story of what is driving history and why the world has unfolded in the way that it has. We must understand the parallel rebellion of
both heaven and earth in order to properly understand prophecy and the nature of spiritual warfare. The devil isn't just throwing the dice and hoping human sin will win out in the end-- he is taking every conceivable measure to achieve his own ends, which are to murder God via regicide/deicide (Luke 22:2,3,6) and to vaunt his throne above the stars of God (Isaiah 14:12), which are just two sides of the same coin. In order to do this, Satan has descended to evil on a scale that surpasses human comprehension ... no human is even
capable of sinning on such a scale, apart from taking the Mark and receiving wicked powers from Satan to this end (which is what Matt. 4:1ff is all about). Many antichrists have already arisen, but there can be no doubt that the final, capital-A Antichrist will be, by far, the most wicked of them all, the very son of Satan, the prophesied Seed of the Serpent. The Nephilim are at the very core of the devil's scheme, and this is why they will make a reappearance at the end of the Age, with the Antichrist -- "the devil
and his angels" (Matt. 25:41)
While the wording isn't an exact match to Genesis 6, it is practically the same:
Agreed.
- John 1:12: "power to become the sons of God"
- Romans 8:14: "as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God"
- Philippians 2:15: "that ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God"
- 1 John 3:1: "that we should be called the sons of God"
Why prioritize a poetic definition from Job over the clear definition found in the New Testament and Moses' own writings?
But you're getting it backwards -- these occurrences are not materializing the phrase "sons of God" to be just a flowery label for righteous men, rather, it is elevating us to a
higher status, just as Jesus referring to each of the bishops of the seven churches as "the angel of the church of ___" is elevating them to the true splendor and gravity of their calling. In Christ, we are no longer men, we are heavenly beings. We are heirs but we have not yet inherited the fullness of that future glory, which we will receive in our resurrection bodies. But in Christ, it is
fait accompli, thus, we speak of the future as already present. But that future to which we are referring is a
heavenly future, not an earthly/material one. "To the angel of the church of ____, write" -- at once exhilarating, terrifying, exalting and humbling! It is in this way that Moses uses the term "sons of God" in respect to the congregation of Israel,
thus calling them to greater holiness (see the context, read what he goes on to say).
Evidence in Deuteronomy 32:8
Here’s something interesting I just came across regarding Deuteronomy 32:8. Let’s look at the text from 3 different sources:
- KJV (Masoretic Text):
"When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel."
bene yisra'el (Strong's H1121 H3478)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (4QDeutʲ):
"When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the sons of God."
bene elohim (Strong's H1121 H430)
- Septuagint (LXX):
"When the Most High divided the nations, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the nations according to the number of the angels of God."
angelon theou (Strong's G32 G2316)
The Dead Sea Scrolls show the older Hebrew likely said "sons of God" (*bene elohim*). This makes sense because Israel didn't exist at Babel. In this passage, Moses is contrasting the "sons of Adam" (those rebelling and dispersed) with the "sons of God" (His own people). It's the same pattern as Genesis: God's people vs. the world.
This creates a strong argument that “sons of God” (H1121 H430) can be used for people, and not just heavenly beings.
I agree with your conclusion on Deut. 32:8 almost certainly having been in the original "sons of God", not "sons of Israel", which is essentially unintelligible and must have been a scribal mistake. I haven't read all of the late Michael Heiser yet, so I don't know my stance on his teachings, but what I've read so far is spot-on: the "sons of God" of Deut. 32:8 explicitly refers to heavenly principalities, the very same principalities and powers that Paul mentions in Eph. 6:12, etc. When we go back to Genesis 3, we see that God delegated earthly authority to just one person: Adam (and Eve, as one flesh with him, Gen. 1:26-28). When Adam abdicates this authority by disobeying God, there is an empty throne. Who sits on that throne? Well, the devil seeks to usurp that throne (the point of tempting Eve!) and ultimately to usurp the throne of God himself (Isa. 14:12).
Thus, in this power-vacuum, we see the earth parceled out to "the nations" (Gentiles) in Deut. 32:8, "according to the number of the sons of God", that is, according to the heavenly principalities, also referred to as "the kingdoms of the world" in Matt. 4:8. This is why the link from the Nephilim to Canaan is so crucial -- the other nations of the world were settled according to their heavenly principalities, but Canaan was settled by the descendants of the pre-Flood rebellion. When God calls Abram out of Ur, Abram becomes a kind of "anti-Adam" -- where Adam believed and obeyed the Serpent rather than God, Abram believes and obeys God rather than remaining in his natural element as the son of an idol-maker in the capitol of idolatry (the land that would later become Babylon). This is why his faith is accounted to him for righteousness. To this new Adam, God promises a new land -- the land of Canaan. God brings Abram there and shows him the land when it is apparently much less densely populated than it will be when the children of Israel leave Egypt. The Israelites conquer the land by dual force, first the angel sent ahead to prepare the land, then by divinely-guided warfare. But who is the land being taken from? Ultimately, it is being taken from Satan himself, since all the other nations have "legitimate" heavenly rulers under the post-Flood order, which is what Deut. 32:8, Matt. 4:8, etc. are saying. There was only one space on earth where God could[1] create his new nation -- Canaan.
[1] I mean "could", here, in a restricted sense of "playing by the accuser's own rules", that is, even the devil cannot slander what God has done because the abominable offspring settled in the land were themselves the outgrowth of Satan's own rebellion before the Flood, and even persisting afterwards... "and also after". He could have stopped rebelling against God, but chose not to. Thus, Abraham and Israel are God's "from scratch" new nation -- a new creation.