I like the idea of having taxes that directly relate to the service being provided. So, for instance, ports should charge docking fees and use the money to fund the Navy. Borders should charge crossing fees, and use that money to fund the Army. (That solution makes sense when the Army is defending US soil, not nation-builidng abroad) The states can charge a gas tax and use that to fund roads. The fire departments should sell fire insurance, and whenever they put out a fire in a house that's uninsured, they should send the people a bill. The city water and sewer departments send you a bill for how much you use. The EPA should be funded by billing companies depending on how much pollution they make. etcetera etcetera...
Incidentally, while we're on the subject of fire protection, there is such a thing as private fire protection. With some particularily expensive homeowners insurance plans in high-risk areas, the insurance company actually has its own fire company that goes to the houses.