Ultimately, the government has to run a deficit. That is how the private sector nets financial savings (and at a balanced budget, the private sectory would be losing 500 some billion to the foreign sector every year).
Rand's math (as always) on the fair tax is terrible. The bottom-half of the country gets hit harder...
A good proposal I saw was to cut spending by about 1 trillion, and taxes by about 2 trillion, leaving a 1.5 trillion dollar deficit. Spending cuts come in the form of giant cuts to discretionary spending (including defense) with only some minor cuts to Medicare and Meidicaid.
In terms of taxes, start by basically eliminating all taxes. Make a progressive flat tax on income from 1% to 15% of income (without deductions) with the caveat that the tax rate is tied to the level of discretionary spending. Government spends less, you keep more; this should discourage government spending, especially when it comes to wars. Payroll tax and corporate income tax are gone. Capital gains tax is gone. Keep the death tax (we should discourage large transfers of wealth between generations, as this discourages innovation and investment). Introduce Pigovian taxes so that certain industries will realize the full costs of the goods they produce. Studies have found that pollution costs the economy 200-400 billion/year (mostly in the form of less productivty due to sickness); extract that from the abusers. I'd honestly be open to a soda tax or a fat tax...consumption of unhealthy food is everyone's right, and this is America, but in mass, this leads to higher levels of sickness, and we all bear the cost in terms of lowered producitivty and a greater strain on healthcare resources. I'd also experiment with a Wall street transaction tax to cut down on HFT, as well as a tax on certain instruments to cut down on CDS.
The natural opposition to these taxes will be that the government (or the people) are "passing judgement". Who are we to say that eating poorly is bad? Who are we to judget Wall Street traders and certain instruments?
I think the result of such an ideology is one where you treat all income as the same, even though it isn't. As it is now, the income tax generally taxes salary-wage-labor. What is wrong with wage-labor? The corporate income tax attacks profits. What is wrong with profits? The capital gains tax targets investments. What is wrong with investments? Even our excise taxes hit trade; what is wrong with trade? We want to encourage those things since they generally benefit society. Other things, objectively, don't. Seeing this leads to a more efficient tax system.