The Housing Bubble as an example
Matt, your friend is correct that the private bankers of the Federal Reserve do indeed have control over our money supply, and thus they can either increase the money supply or decrease the money supply as they see fit. The mistake that your friend makes is in thinking that these people - who by the way operate in secret with no accountability to Congress - are serving "we the people." In a nutshell, Dr. Paul objects to the fact that a private group of bankers controls our money supply when our Constitution specifically grants that power to Congress (refer your friend to Article 1, Section 8 - Powers of Congress).
Since your friend brought up the issue of the current housing bubble and the resulting credit crisis now coming in its aftermath, let's take a closer look at the cycles of prosperity and depression in our country. The central bank causes inflation by creating debt/money for loans and credit and making these funds readily available. When this happens, the economy booms. The most recent example of this is the "housing boom." The FED lowered interest rates to historic lows, which made it attractive for builders to borrow money to build new houses. At the same time, the FED increased the money supply. The increased money supply causes the value of the already-existing dollars to decrease (inflation).
The combination of low interest rates and inflation encouraged irresponsible investing as investors sought alternative ways to increase the return on their money were led to higher and higher degrees of speculation -- the lower the interest rates went, the more speculation increased. Lending standards were basically thrown out the window and loans were issued to people regardless of their ability to repay the loans, including people with sub-prime credit using "No doc" loans. In the words of a mortgage broker friend of mine it eventually got to the point that "if you had a pulse, you could get a loan."
Then the FED used the inflation which they created as an excuse to shut off the loans/credit/money. The resulting shortage of cash caused the "credit crisis" as the loans were called in, but the borrowers began defaulting on their loans (many of which never should have been made in the first place.) Historically, tightening by the FED leads the economy to falter or slow dramatically and large numbers of business and personal bankruptcies result. This is beginning to happen now as we see the foreclosure rates rising.
What happens then? The central bank seizes the assets used as security for the loans! So -- what exactly is happening in this process? The wealth created by the borrowers during the boom gets transferred to the central bank during the bust. And you always wondered how the big guys ended up with all the marbles!
Now, who do you think is responsible for all of the ups and downs in our economy over the last 85 years? Think about the depression of the late '20s and all through the '30s. The FED could have pumped lots of debt/money into the market to stimulate the economy and get the country back on track, but did they? No -- in fact, they restricted the money supply quite severely. We all know the results that occurred from that action, don't we?
Why would the FED do this? During that period, asset values and stocks were at rock bottom prices. Who do you think was buying everything at 10 cents on the dollar? I believe that it is referred to as consolidating the wealth. How many times have they already done this in the last 85 years?
Do you think they will do it again?
(Credit for much of this to Greg Hobbs)
http://www.federal-reserve.net/whatisthefederalreservebank.htm