Galileo Galilei
Member
- Joined
- Dec 10, 2007
- Messages
- 4,992
On this Day: Galileo Sentenced for Believing Sun Is Center of Universe
June 22, 2008 12:10 AM
by findingDulcinea Staff
WATCH A RE-ENACTMENT HERE:
Kathy Domenici in Galileo and the Sinful Spy Glass
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...galileo+glass&ei=ddFeSOnaGo-05AKSn9TtDg&hl=en
On June 22, 1633, a Vatican Inquisition passed down judgment on Galileo Galilei for his writings and teaching of the Copernicus Theory.
30-Second Summary
A brilliant scientific mind in 17th century Florence, Galileo, was forced to renounce his work and writings concerning the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, who had suggested that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.
Directly contradicting Biblical thought in the eyes of dogmatic critics, the Copernicus Theory was a subject Galileo embraced and studied for much of his life.
Promoting it in his writings and lectures early in his life, Galileo was first admonished by the Papacy in 1617.
However, the existence of an official injunction at the time instructing him to remain silent on the subject remains a source of controversy.
It was this injunction that would seal his fate when he was ordered to stand trial before a council of cardinals in the spring of 1633 to explain the publication of a Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—a text that many found to validate the teachings of Copernicus.
Papal critics were especially angry that the text was written in such a way to bring the message to a wider audience, outside the scientific world.
Called to Rome from his home in Florence, Galileo immediately distanced himself from his work, though whether his words came out of necessity or actual regret remains a mystery.
Weak and unhealthy at age 70, Galileo was unable to defend charges that he had contradicted the church’s earlier ruling or remember what it had said.
At the mercy of the Inquisition, the Church body charged with seeking out heretics, Galileo endured a trial that lasted months before finally being ordered to renounce his views.
The trial signaled a debate between the church and science that has lasted centuries.
Headline Link: Galileo’s trial
The trial resulting in Galileo’s renouncement of his belief of the sun’s role as the center of the universe lasted months and required a 23-day journey from Florence to Rome—a taxing and exhausting experience for the 70-year-old scientist.
Source: The University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Law
go to site »
Background: Galileo’s career
Born in the Italian city of Pisa in 1564, Galileo claimed a number of discoveries during his lifetime, studying time intervals, motion and first theorizing that, regardless of their weight, objects fell at the same speed in a vacuum. However, it was his study of the Copernicus Theory that eventually led him to run afoul of the Church.
Source: The Galileo Project—Rice University
go to site »
Galileo’s life was rich with study and discovery, including the development of the refractor telescope—one of two standard telescopes used today alongside Sir Isaac Newton’s reflector. Galileo used this telescope to observe the movement of the moons of Jupiter, strengthening his faith in the teachings of Copernicus.
Source: NOVA (PBS)
go to site »
Reactions: Mistreatment of Galileo by the Vatican
Contrasting with reports that Galileo had been mistreated during his trial, and possibly abused in an effort to make him renounce his beliefs, the Vatican’s Secretary of Doctrinal Congregation, Archbishop Angelo Amato, claimed the Church had actually treated him quite well. In 2003, Amato disputed claims that he had been mistreated, citing church documents stating that he had been hosted in the Vatican lawyer’s apartment and treated with every courtesy during his stay in Rome.
Source: The Independent
go to site »
After centuries of allegations of mistreatment, the Catholic Church began to rethink its approach to Galileo in 1979 when Pope John Paul II suggested an analysis of how the trial had occurred. A formal apology followed in 2000 and earlier this year, a statue of the scientist was announced, which will be erected outside the apartment where Galileo stayed while awaiting trial.
Source: Catholic News
go to site »
Later Developments: Science vs. religion
The trial of Galileo has been cited throughout history as a part of the ongoing debate between science and religion, often by scientists who point to the scientist as a “martyr” for scientific persecution at the hands of dogmatic critics.
Source: The Washington Post
go to site »
NASA named the first satellite to closely monitor Jupiter after Galileo, thanks to his achievements in the field of astronomy. The satellite became the first to pass an asteroid, observe a moon of an asteroid and directly observed a comet colliding with an asteroid. It was plunged into Jupiter’s dense atmosphere and lost in 2003.
Source: NASA
go to site »
Opinion & Analysis: The Church vs. Galileo
The centuries-old debate between the Church and science does not necessarily have to continue, argued Philip Meyer in USA Today earlier this year. The two explanations for life can indeed coexist and can actually support one another. “Religion is about the mystery. Science is about figuring out what works in the material world. There is no danger that science will ever deprive us of the mystery,” said Meyer.
Source: USA Today
go to site »
While the Catholic Church has since backed away from its judgment of Galileo, notably with an official apology in 2000, it has often defended its 17th century actions by pointing out that the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe was considered common scientific knowledge at the time.
Source: Catholic.com
go to site »
Read 1 comment »
http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news...or-Believing-Sun-Is-Center-of-Universe.html#1
GREAT ARTICLES ABOUT GALILEO
The War upon Galileo
"On this new champion, Galileo, the whole war was at last concentrated."
http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/astronomy/war.html
The Reality of Newton's Inertia
"In honor of Galileo Galilei, The First Scientist [7], I hereby propose the banishment of all use of the imaginary term "inertia" from the writings and discussions of the mechanical concepts of Universal Physics."
http://www.physicsnews1.com/article_1.html
Galileo Galilei
"Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564[2] – 8 January 1642)[1][3] was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy",[4] the "father of modern physics",[5] the "father of science",[5] and “the Father of Modern Science.”[6]"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
GREAT MINI-VIDEOS ABOUT GALILEO
Apollo 15 EVAs 3 (Galileo on the Moon)
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...=galileo+moon&ei=QcdeSNixH4yg4ALVhOnNDA&hl=en
Indigo Girls-Galileo
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=665285953766122081&q=galileo&ei=5nAbSJSVCIuY-gHF3ujJAQ&hl=en
Galileo Galilei
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=KcheSPqaI4-05AKSn9TtDg&hl=en
Galileo Galilei vs. Isaac Newton Freestyle Battle
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=SMpeSLfRGIu05ALN7fGfDQ&hl=en
Galileo Sun-Centered System
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...179&q=galileo&ei=ds1eSJG9A5ny4QLpkc2qDQ&hl=en
Screw: Screw Loose Change
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...=galileo+9/11&ei=Y99eSK2kJo7k4ALL3L2pDQ&hl=en
Galileo Galilei - Encyclopedia channel
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=N8leSMGQG5X84ALHlfSaDQ&hl=en
GREAT BOOKS BY OR ABOUT GALILEO
Galileo: His Science and His Significance for the Future of Man
by Albert Di Canzio
http://www.amazon.com/Galileo-His-Science-Significance-Future/dp/0964129566
Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
by Galileo Galilei and Stillman Drake
http://www.amazon.com/Discoveries-O...=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210438417&sr=1-2
The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History
by Manfred Weidhorn
http://www.amazon.com/Person-Millennium-Unique-Galileo-History/dp/0595368778
Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
by Dava Sobel
http://www.amazon.com/Galileos-Daughter-Historical-Memoir-Science/dp/0140280553
A Defense of Galileo the Mathematician from Florence
by Thomas Campanella
http://www.amazon.com/Defense-Galileo-Mathematician-Florence/dp/0268008698
GREAT QUOTES BY OR ABOUT GALILEO
"Great indeed are the things which in this brief treatise I propose for observation and consideration by all students of nature."
Galileo - Starry Messenger (1610)
"In regard to the philosophers, if they be true philosophers, i.e., lovers of truth, they should not be irritated that the earth moves. Rather, if they realize that they have held a false belief, they should thank those have shown them the truth; and if their opinion stands firm that the earth doesn’t move, they will have reason to boast than be angered.
The theologians also should not be irritated. For if they find that this opinion is false, then they would be free to condemn it; and if they discover that is true, they ought to thank those who have opened the way to finding the true sense of the Scriptures and who have prevented them from falling into the grave scandal of condemning a true proposition."
Galileo - Unpublished notebooks (1615)
"The number of people that can reason well is much smaller than those that can reason badly. If reasoning were like hauling rocks, then several reasoners might be better than one. But reasoning isn't like hauling rocks, it's like, it's like racing, where a single, galloping Barbary steed easily outruns a hundred wagon-pulling horses."
Galileo - The Assyer (1623)
"If Sarsi insists that I must believe, on Suidas's credit, that the Babylonians cooked eggs by swiftly whirling them in a sling, I will believe it; but I must say, that the cause of such an effect is very remote from that to which it is attributed, and to find the true cause I shall reason thus. If an effect does not follow with us which followed with others at another time, it is because, in our experiment, something is wanting which was the cause of the former success; and if only one thing is wanting to us, that one thing is the true cause. Now we have eggs, and slings, and strong men to whirl them, and yet they will not become cooked; no, if they were hot at first they more quickly become cold. And since nothing is wanting to us but to be Babylonians, it follows that being Babylonians is the true cause why the eggs became cooked, and not the friction of the air, which is what I wish to prove."
Galileo - The Assayer (1623)
"There it was that I found and visited the famous Galileo grown old, a prisoner to the Inquisition, for thinking in Astronomy otherwise than the Franciscan and Dominican licencers thought."
John Milton in Italy (1638)
"My purpose is to set forth a very new science dealing with a very ancient subject. There is, in nature, perhaps nothing older than motion, concerning which the books written by philosophers are neither few nor small; nevertheless I have discovered by experiment some properties of it which are worth knowing and which have not hitherto been either observed or demonstrated."
Galileo - Two New Sciences (1638)
June 22, 2008 12:10 AM
by findingDulcinea Staff
WATCH A RE-ENACTMENT HERE:
Kathy Domenici in Galileo and the Sinful Spy Glass
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...galileo+glass&ei=ddFeSOnaGo-05AKSn9TtDg&hl=en
On June 22, 1633, a Vatican Inquisition passed down judgment on Galileo Galilei for his writings and teaching of the Copernicus Theory.
30-Second Summary
A brilliant scientific mind in 17th century Florence, Galileo, was forced to renounce his work and writings concerning the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, who had suggested that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.
Directly contradicting Biblical thought in the eyes of dogmatic critics, the Copernicus Theory was a subject Galileo embraced and studied for much of his life.
Promoting it in his writings and lectures early in his life, Galileo was first admonished by the Papacy in 1617.
However, the existence of an official injunction at the time instructing him to remain silent on the subject remains a source of controversy.
It was this injunction that would seal his fate when he was ordered to stand trial before a council of cardinals in the spring of 1633 to explain the publication of a Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—a text that many found to validate the teachings of Copernicus.
Papal critics were especially angry that the text was written in such a way to bring the message to a wider audience, outside the scientific world.
Called to Rome from his home in Florence, Galileo immediately distanced himself from his work, though whether his words came out of necessity or actual regret remains a mystery.
Weak and unhealthy at age 70, Galileo was unable to defend charges that he had contradicted the church’s earlier ruling or remember what it had said.
At the mercy of the Inquisition, the Church body charged with seeking out heretics, Galileo endured a trial that lasted months before finally being ordered to renounce his views.
The trial signaled a debate between the church and science that has lasted centuries.
Headline Link: Galileo’s trial
The trial resulting in Galileo’s renouncement of his belief of the sun’s role as the center of the universe lasted months and required a 23-day journey from Florence to Rome—a taxing and exhausting experience for the 70-year-old scientist.
Source: The University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Law
go to site »
Background: Galileo’s career
Born in the Italian city of Pisa in 1564, Galileo claimed a number of discoveries during his lifetime, studying time intervals, motion and first theorizing that, regardless of their weight, objects fell at the same speed in a vacuum. However, it was his study of the Copernicus Theory that eventually led him to run afoul of the Church.
Source: The Galileo Project—Rice University
go to site »
Galileo’s life was rich with study and discovery, including the development of the refractor telescope—one of two standard telescopes used today alongside Sir Isaac Newton’s reflector. Galileo used this telescope to observe the movement of the moons of Jupiter, strengthening his faith in the teachings of Copernicus.
Source: NOVA (PBS)
go to site »
Reactions: Mistreatment of Galileo by the Vatican
Contrasting with reports that Galileo had been mistreated during his trial, and possibly abused in an effort to make him renounce his beliefs, the Vatican’s Secretary of Doctrinal Congregation, Archbishop Angelo Amato, claimed the Church had actually treated him quite well. In 2003, Amato disputed claims that he had been mistreated, citing church documents stating that he had been hosted in the Vatican lawyer’s apartment and treated with every courtesy during his stay in Rome.
Source: The Independent
go to site »
After centuries of allegations of mistreatment, the Catholic Church began to rethink its approach to Galileo in 1979 when Pope John Paul II suggested an analysis of how the trial had occurred. A formal apology followed in 2000 and earlier this year, a statue of the scientist was announced, which will be erected outside the apartment where Galileo stayed while awaiting trial.
Source: Catholic News
go to site »
Later Developments: Science vs. religion
The trial of Galileo has been cited throughout history as a part of the ongoing debate between science and religion, often by scientists who point to the scientist as a “martyr” for scientific persecution at the hands of dogmatic critics.
Source: The Washington Post
go to site »
NASA named the first satellite to closely monitor Jupiter after Galileo, thanks to his achievements in the field of astronomy. The satellite became the first to pass an asteroid, observe a moon of an asteroid and directly observed a comet colliding with an asteroid. It was plunged into Jupiter’s dense atmosphere and lost in 2003.
Source: NASA
go to site »
Opinion & Analysis: The Church vs. Galileo
The centuries-old debate between the Church and science does not necessarily have to continue, argued Philip Meyer in USA Today earlier this year. The two explanations for life can indeed coexist and can actually support one another. “Religion is about the mystery. Science is about figuring out what works in the material world. There is no danger that science will ever deprive us of the mystery,” said Meyer.
Source: USA Today
go to site »
While the Catholic Church has since backed away from its judgment of Galileo, notably with an official apology in 2000, it has often defended its 17th century actions by pointing out that the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe was considered common scientific knowledge at the time.
Source: Catholic.com
go to site »
Read 1 comment »
http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news...or-Believing-Sun-Is-Center-of-Universe.html#1
GREAT ARTICLES ABOUT GALILEO
The War upon Galileo
"On this new champion, Galileo, the whole war was at last concentrated."
http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/astronomy/war.html
The Reality of Newton's Inertia
"In honor of Galileo Galilei, The First Scientist [7], I hereby propose the banishment of all use of the imaginary term "inertia" from the writings and discussions of the mechanical concepts of Universal Physics."
http://www.physicsnews1.com/article_1.html
Galileo Galilei
"Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564[2] – 8 January 1642)[1][3] was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy",[4] the "father of modern physics",[5] the "father of science",[5] and “the Father of Modern Science.”[6]"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
GREAT MINI-VIDEOS ABOUT GALILEO
Apollo 15 EVAs 3 (Galileo on the Moon)
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...=galileo+moon&ei=QcdeSNixH4yg4ALVhOnNDA&hl=en
Indigo Girls-Galileo
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=665285953766122081&q=galileo&ei=5nAbSJSVCIuY-gHF3ujJAQ&hl=en
Galileo Galilei
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=KcheSPqaI4-05AKSn9TtDg&hl=en
Galileo Galilei vs. Isaac Newton Freestyle Battle
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=SMpeSLfRGIu05ALN7fGfDQ&hl=en
Galileo Sun-Centered System
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...179&q=galileo&ei=ds1eSJG9A5ny4QLpkc2qDQ&hl=en
Screw: Screw Loose Change
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...=galileo+9/11&ei=Y99eSK2kJo7k4ALL3L2pDQ&hl=en
Galileo Galilei - Encyclopedia channel
http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...lileo+galilei&ei=N8leSMGQG5X84ALHlfSaDQ&hl=en
GREAT BOOKS BY OR ABOUT GALILEO
Galileo: His Science and His Significance for the Future of Man
by Albert Di Canzio
http://www.amazon.com/Galileo-His-Science-Significance-Future/dp/0964129566
Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
by Galileo Galilei and Stillman Drake
http://www.amazon.com/Discoveries-O...=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210438417&sr=1-2
The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History
by Manfred Weidhorn
http://www.amazon.com/Person-Millennium-Unique-Galileo-History/dp/0595368778
Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
by Dava Sobel
http://www.amazon.com/Galileos-Daughter-Historical-Memoir-Science/dp/0140280553
A Defense of Galileo the Mathematician from Florence
by Thomas Campanella
http://www.amazon.com/Defense-Galileo-Mathematician-Florence/dp/0268008698
GREAT QUOTES BY OR ABOUT GALILEO
"Great indeed are the things which in this brief treatise I propose for observation and consideration by all students of nature."
Galileo - Starry Messenger (1610)
"In regard to the philosophers, if they be true philosophers, i.e., lovers of truth, they should not be irritated that the earth moves. Rather, if they realize that they have held a false belief, they should thank those have shown them the truth; and if their opinion stands firm that the earth doesn’t move, they will have reason to boast than be angered.
The theologians also should not be irritated. For if they find that this opinion is false, then they would be free to condemn it; and if they discover that is true, they ought to thank those who have opened the way to finding the true sense of the Scriptures and who have prevented them from falling into the grave scandal of condemning a true proposition."
Galileo - Unpublished notebooks (1615)
"The number of people that can reason well is much smaller than those that can reason badly. If reasoning were like hauling rocks, then several reasoners might be better than one. But reasoning isn't like hauling rocks, it's like, it's like racing, where a single, galloping Barbary steed easily outruns a hundred wagon-pulling horses."
Galileo - The Assyer (1623)
"If Sarsi insists that I must believe, on Suidas's credit, that the Babylonians cooked eggs by swiftly whirling them in a sling, I will believe it; but I must say, that the cause of such an effect is very remote from that to which it is attributed, and to find the true cause I shall reason thus. If an effect does not follow with us which followed with others at another time, it is because, in our experiment, something is wanting which was the cause of the former success; and if only one thing is wanting to us, that one thing is the true cause. Now we have eggs, and slings, and strong men to whirl them, and yet they will not become cooked; no, if they were hot at first they more quickly become cold. And since nothing is wanting to us but to be Babylonians, it follows that being Babylonians is the true cause why the eggs became cooked, and not the friction of the air, which is what I wish to prove."
Galileo - The Assayer (1623)
"There it was that I found and visited the famous Galileo grown old, a prisoner to the Inquisition, for thinking in Astronomy otherwise than the Franciscan and Dominican licencers thought."
John Milton in Italy (1638)
"My purpose is to set forth a very new science dealing with a very ancient subject. There is, in nature, perhaps nothing older than motion, concerning which the books written by philosophers are neither few nor small; nevertheless I have discovered by experiment some properties of it which are worth knowing and which have not hitherto been either observed or demonstrated."
Galileo - Two New Sciences (1638)
Last edited:
