Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (born December 22, 1970[1]) the junior United States Senator for the state of Texas since 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party and was Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott.[1] He was the first Hispanic Solicitor General in Texas,[3] the youngest Solicitor General in the United States, and had the longest tenure in Texas history.
Cruz was a partner at the law firm Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, where he led the firm’s U.S. Supreme Court and national appellate litigation practice.[4]
He previously served as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice, and as Domestic Policy Advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. In addition, Cruz was an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation, from 2004 to 2009.
Cruz was the Republican nominee for the Senate seat which was vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison.[5] On July 31, 2012, he defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst in the Republican primary runoff, 57%–to-43%.[6] Cruz defeated the Democrat, former state Representative Paul Sadler, in the general election held on November 6, 2012; he prevailed with 56%-to–41% over Sadler.[6] Cruz is endorsed by the Tea Party movement and the Republican Liberty Caucus.[7]
On November 14, 2012, Cruz was appointed vice-chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee.
Cruz graduated cum laude from Princeton University in 1992.[22][1] While at Princeton, he competed for the American Whig-Cliosophic Society's Debate Panel and won the top speaker award at both the 1992 U.S. National Debating Championship and the 1992 North American Debating Championship.[23] In 1992, he was named U.S. National Speaker of the Year and Team of the Year (with his debate partner, David Panton).[24] Cruz was also a semi-finalist at the 1995 World Universities Debating Championship.[25]
Cruz's senior thesis on the separation of powers, titled "Clipping the Wings of Angels," draws its inspiration from a passage attributed to James Madison: "If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary." Cruz argued that the drafters of the Constitution intended to protect the rights of their constituents, and the last two items in the Bill of Rights offered an explicit stop against an all-powerful state. Cruz wrote: "They simply do so from different directions. The Tenth stops new powers, and the Ninth fortifies all other rights, or non-powers."[18][26]
Cruz then attended Harvard Law School, graduating magna cum laude in 1995.[27][28][1] While at Harvard Law, Cruz was a primary editor of the Harvard Law Review, and executive editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, and a founding editor of the Harvard Latino Law Review.[22] Referring to Cruz's time as a student at Harvard Law, Professor Alan Dershowitz said, "Cruz was off-the-charts brilliant".[17]
Cruz served as a law clerk to William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States,[1] and J. Michael Luttig of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.[29][3] Cruz was the first Hispanic ever to clerk for a Chief Justice of the United States.[30]
Cruz served as an associate deputy attorney general in the U.S. Justice Department[1] and as the director of policy planning at the U.S. Federal Trade Commission under President George W. Bush.[17][1]
Appointed to the office of Solicitor General of Texas by Attorney General Greg Abbott,[3] Cruz served in that position from 2003 to 2008.[13]
Cruz has authored more than 80 United States Supreme Court briefs and presented 43 oral arguments, including nine before the United States Supreme Court.[3][17][15] In the landmark case of District of Columbia v. Heller, Cruz drafted the amicus brief signed by attorneys general of 31 states, which said that the D.C. handgun ban should be struck down as infringing upon the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.[15][31] Cruz also presented oral argument for the amici states in the companion case to Heller before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.[15][32] Cruz did legal work during the Florida recount for the Bush campaign.[33]
In addition to his victory in Heller, Cruz has successfully defended the Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol grounds,[17][15] the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools[17] and the majority of the 2003 Texas redistricting plan.[34]
Cruz also successfully defended, in Medellin v. Texas, the State of Texas against an attempt by the International Court of Justice to re-open the criminal convictions of 51 murderers on death row throughout the United States.[3][17][15]
Cruz has been named by American Lawyer magazine as one of the 50 Best Litigators under 45 in America,[35][36] by The National Law Journal as one of the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America,[37][38] and by Texas Lawyer as one of the 25 Greatest Texas Lawyers of the Past Quarter Century.[39][40]
Cruz's election has been described by the Washington Post as “the biggest upset of 2012 . . . a true grassroots victory against very long odds.”[41] On January 19, 2011, after U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison said she would not seek reelection, Cruz announced his candidacy via a blogger conference call.[5] In the Republican senatorial primary, Cruz ran against sitting Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst. Cruz was endorsed by the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative political action committee;[42] Erick Erickson, editor of prominent conservative blog RedState;[43] the FreedomWorks for America super PAC;[44] nationally syndicated radio host Mark Levin;[45] former Attorney General Edwin Meese;[46] Tea Party Express;[47] Young Conservatives of Texas;[48] and U.S. Senators Tom Coburn,[49] Jim DeMint,[50] Mike Lee,[51] Rand Paul,[52] and Pat Toomey.[53] He was also endorsed by former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin and former Texas Congressman Ron Paul,[54] George P. Bush[33] and former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Rick Santorum.[55]
Cruz won the runoff for the Republican nomination with a 14-point margin over Dewhurst.[56] In the November 6 general election, Cruz faced Democrat Paul Sadler, an attorney and a former state representative from Henderson, in east Texas. Cruz won with 4.5 million votes (56.4%) to Sadler's 3.2 million (40.6%). Two minor candidates got the remaining 3% of the vote.[6] Cruz got 40% of the Hispanic vote.[57][58]
Political positions
Cruz is a gun-rights supporter.[59] On March 25, 2013, an announcement was made by Cruz and U.S. Senators Rand Paul and Mike Lee threatening that they would filibuster any legislation that would entail gun control, such as the Manchin-Toomey Amendment, which would require background checks on sales at gun shows.[60] On April 17, 2013, Cruz voted against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment.[61] Republicans successfully filibustered the amendment by a vote of 54–46, as 60 votes were needed for cloture.[62]
Cruz also supports a federal definition of marriage and opposes same-sex marriage.
On March 14, 2013, Cruz gave the keynote speech at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC.[64] He came in tied for 7th place in the 2013 CPAC straw poll on March 16, winning 4% of the votes cast.[65]
Cruz planned several speaking events for the summer of 2013 across Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina which are early primary states, leading to speculation that he was laying the groundwork for a run for President in 2016.