Why Aren't We Building Refineries In Canada? Because It's Too Late, Experts Say
Ian MacGregor stands at the centre of the growing disconnect between Canada’s booming oil production and its lack of refineries and upgraders.
As chairman of Calgary-based North West Upgrading (NWU), he’s overseeing construction of a $5-billion oil sands upgrader outside of Edmonton that will process 55,000 barrels of bitumen per day in partnership with Canadian Natural Resources (CNR) and the Alberta government, converting heavy crude into diesel fuel for the Canadian market.
Slated to come online in 2015, the project already employs 1,000, a number that is set to grow to 8,000 at the peak of construction -- which, as MacGregor sees it, is proof that more Canadian oil can and should be processed here.
“Our kids want to work in high-tech industries. They don’t want to work with their hands,” MacGregor said. “They want to have educationally and intellectually based jobs, and that’s what we produce when we refine this stuff.”
Getting into the petroleum processing business would seem a no-brainer considering Canadian crude oil production is expected to nearly double to as much as 4.7 million barrels per day by 2025. Moreover, TransCanada’s proposed Keystone XL pipeline from the oil sands to U.S. Gulf Coast refineries is still mired in controversy, oil sands producers offload Canadian crude to foreign refiners at a discount, and eastern provinces are importing more expensive Atlantic basin oil.
Yet as Canada’s oil production takes off, the refining industry has flatlined and projects like MacGregor’s are a rarity, which prompts one very vexing question: As Canada produces more oil than ever before, why aren’t we building more refineries and upgraders here?
Some say the explanation is primarily economic. To others, it’s a matter of politics. But either way, it’s clear that Canada hasn’t been a serious player in the refining game for some time. And because of the increasing complexity of the forces shaping the global oil industry -- and a lack of will on the part of government and industry to do so -- it has only become more challenging to enter that domain.
Over the past few decades, the refining industry has undergone a major restructuring in North America, with business increasingly concentrated in the hands of major oil companies, primarily south of the border.
Since the 1970s, the number of refineries in Canada has plummeted from 40 to 19, taking a big bite out of the direct refinery labour force, which dropped from 27,400 to 17,500 between 1989 and 2009. There hasn’t been a new refinery built in Canada since 1984, or in the U.S. since 1976. (The NWU project is not technically classed as a refinery because it is upgrading bitumen directly to diesel as opposed to producing light crude, but MacGregor and others consider it to be the first major ground-up refining project undertaken in Canada in 25 years.)
While expansions to existing facilities have enabled Canada’s overall refining capacity to increase, a recent Conference Board of Canada report observed that annual growth output has declined for the last five of six years. At the moment, more oil is refined here than is consumed. But while Canada currently imports 0.7 million barrels of crude oil per day, we only refine about 25 per cent of the oil produced here.