ronpaulhawaii
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My girl was in Ferguson Sunday night (I'm working in NYC.) Here is the vid she just posted
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New video from last night - #Ferguson
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tangent4ronpaul
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RPH: forward to your girl. I was helping out a CDC researcher a few years ago...
Simple Respiratory Mask How-To
From the June issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases. I have written the authors for permission to distribute this freely. Meantime, for the 'chosen few' here...
RR
Simple Respiratory Mask
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1468.htm
Virginia M. Dato, David Hostler,* and Michael E. Hahn*
*University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
To the Editor: The US Department of Labor recommends air-purifying respirators (e.g., N95, N99, or N100) as part of a comprehensive respiratory protection program for workers directly involved with avian influenza–infected birds or patients (1). N95 respirators have 2 advantages over simple cloth or surgical masks; they are >95% efficient at filtering 0.3-μm particles (smaller than the 5-μm size of large droplets—created during talking, coughing, and sneezing—which usually transmit influenza) and are fit tested to ensure that infectious droplets and particles do not leak around the mask (2–4). Even if N95 filtration is unnecessary for avian influenza, N95 fit offers advantages over a loose-fitting surgical mask by eliminating leakage around the mask.
The World Health Organization recommends protective equipment including masks (if they not available, a cloth to cover the mouth is recommended) for persons who must handle dead or ill chickens in regions affected by H5N1 (5). Quality commercial masks are not always accessible, but anecdotal evidence has showed that handmade masks of cotton gauze were protective in military barracks and in healthcare workers during the Manchurian epidemic (6,7). A simple, locally made, washable mask may be a solution if commercial masks are not available. We describe the test results of 1 handmade, reusable, cotton mask.
For material, we choose heavyweight T-shirts similar to the 2-ply battle dress uniform T-shirts used for protective masks against ricin and saxitoxin in mouse experiments (8). Designs and T-shirts were initially screened with a short version of a qualitative Bitrex fit test (9) (Allegro Industries, Garden Grove, CA, USA). The best were tested by using a standard quantitative fit test, the Portacount Plus Respirator Fit Tester with N95-Companion (TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) (10). Poor results from the initial quantitative fit testing on early prototypes resulted in the addition of 4 layers of material to the simplest mask design. This mask is referred to as the prototype mask (Figure).
A Hanes Heavyweight 100% preshrunk cotton T-shirt (made in Honduras) (http://www.hanesprintables.com/Globals/Faq.aspx) was boiled for 10 minutes and air-dried to maximize shrinkage and sterilize the material in a manner available in developing countries. A scissor, marker, and ruler were used to cut out 1 outer layer (≈37 × 72 cm) and 8 inner layers (<18 cm2). The mask was assembled and fitted as shown in the Figure.
A fit factor is the number generated during quantitative fit testing by simulating workplace activities (a series of exercises, each 1 minute in duration). The Portacount Plus Respirator Fit Tester with N95-Companion used for the test is an ambient aerosol instrument that measures aerosol concentration outside and inside the prototype mask. The challenge agent used is the ambient microscopic dust and other aerosols that are present in the air.
A commercially available N95 respirator requires a fit factor of 100 to be considered adequate in the workplace. The prototype mask achieved a fit factor of 67 for 1 author with a Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) panel face size of 4, a common size. Although insufficient for the workplace, this mask offered substantial protection from the challenge aerosol and showed good fit with minimal leakage. The other 2 authors with LANL panel face size 10, the largest size, achieved fit factors of 13 and 17 by making the prototype mask inner layers slightly larger (22 cm2).
We do not advocate use of this respirator in place of a properly fitted commercial respirator. Although subjectively we did not find the work of breathing required with the prototype mask to be different from that required with a standard N95 filtering facepiece, persons with respiratory compromise of any type should not use this mask. While testers wore the mask for an hour without difficulty, we cannot comment on its utility during strenuous work or adverse environmental conditions.
We showed that a hand-fashioned mask can provide a good fit and a measurable level of protection from a challenge aerosol. Problems remain. When made by naive users, this mask may be less effective because of variations in material, assembly, facial structure, cultural practices, and handling. No easy, definitive, and affordable test can demonstrate effectiveness before each use. Wearers may find the mask uncomfortable.
We encourage innovation to improve respiratory protection options. Future studies must be conducted to determine levels of protection achieved when naive users, following instructions, produce a similar mask from identical or similar raw materials. Research is needed to determine the minimal level of protection needed when resources are not available for N95 air-purifying respirators since the pandemic threat from H5N1 and other possible influenza strains will exist for the foreseeable future.
References
1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidance for protecting workers against avian flu. [cited 2005 Oct 23]. Available from http://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/avian-flu.html
2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 42 CFR Part 84 Respiratory protective devices. 1995 [cited 2005 Oct 23]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pt84abs2.html
3. Garner, JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17:53–80.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory performance evaluation of N95 filtering facepiece respirators, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998.47:1045–9.
5. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Advice for people living in areas affected by bird flu or avian influenza. 2004 Nov 8 [cited 2005 Oct 22]. Available from http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/04FA6993-8CD1-
4B72-ACB9-EB0EBD3D0CB1/0/Advice10022004rev08112004.pdf
6. Capps JA. Measures for the prevention and control of respiratory infections in military camps. JAMA. 1918;71:448–50.
7. Kool, JL. Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1166–72.
8. Darling RG. Biological warfare and bioterrorism. Slides 47 and 48. [cited 2006 Mar 19]. Available from http://www.regionsem.org/~trjoing/pa.../Slides with
%20Notes/Biological%20Warfare%20&%20Bioterrorism.pdf
9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Fit testing procedures (mandatory)–1910.134 App A. [cited 2006 Jan 21]. Available from http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owad...ument?p_table=
STANDARDS&p_id=9780&p_text_version=FALSE#Appendix% 20A
10. TSI incorporated. How to quantitatively fit test filtering-face piece respirators using a TSI Portacount Plus and N95-Companion (ITI-054) c2006. [cited 2006 Jan 21]. Available from http://www.tsi.com/AppNotes/appnotes...5&file=iti_054
Suggested citation for this article:
Dato VM, Hostler D, Hahn ME. Simple respiratory mask [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2006 Jun [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1468.htm
====
My reply to the author:
Dear Virginia Dato,
I read your paper on a simple respiratory mask with interest. It's a good contribution to the literature.
you may be interested in some other, related resources. The first, I am including as an attachment and is an article from the Popular Science, December 1942 issue on making a homemade gas mask.
Secondly, I have seen material on making homemade masks to protect against tear gas in the literature of various protest groups. These vary somewhat, and while the sources I'm thinking of I don't have a link for, you are likely to find similar material here:
http://www.bostoncoop.net/balm/index.html#lib
If you scroll down past BALM's library, the next section is links to a number of "street medic" groups and most, if not all will have an on line library. You are highly likely to find material of interest.
Lastly, The DoE Info Bridge has material of interest to you. I would suggest the search terms" filter expedient or filter improvised.
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/basicsearch.jsp
In particular, NUREG/CR-2958; SAND-82-7084 Expedient methods of respiratory protection. II. Leakage tests. Final report discusses leakage tests on manikins through expedient masks made of t-shirts, washcloth and handkerchief material. You are likely to find related documents on that site. As an aside, they found pantyhose a very effective strapping material to assure a tight seal.
I do remember another on that side discussing creating a positive pressure room in a house using duct tape, plastic sheet and a vacuum cleaner. Related to the area protection research, NWSS discusses how to make an air filter from rolls of toilet paper, a furness filter and a bellows made from cardboard boxes.
hmmm... the second edition has gotten rid of that design, though it can be found in the back of a science fiction novel, "Pulling Through" by Dean Ing. Here is the new Design:
http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p937.htm
http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p917.htm
Hope that helps,
-t
====
addendum:
Some of the “street medic” improvised masks involved wetting the mask. IIRC, with vinegar. Another design involved sewing fabric at intervals, forming troughs or long pockets into which was put activated charcoal (common source – fish tanks or poison antidote). Several of these were formed into a mask, with the “pockets” offset 50% so at no point were you breathing through a seam.
-t
====
Virginia Dato has extended her kind permission to freely distribute the plans and article, as is her intent that it be, with an eye towards improving upon the mask as practical.
RR
====
Found that other paper I was thinking of. It's allso available in fulltext on the infobridge.
Title Emergency Protection from Aerosols
Creator/Author Cristy, G.A.
Publication Date 2001 Nov 13
OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 788898
Report Number(s) ORNL-5519
DOE Contract Number AC05-00OR22725
DOI 10.2172/788898
Other Number(s) TRN: AH200136%%165
Resource Type Technical Report
Resource Relation Other Information: PBD: 13 Nov 2001
Coverage Topical
Research Org Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (US)
Sponsoring Org US Department of Energy (US)
Subject 61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY; AEROSOLS; HOUSEHOLDS; RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS; RADIATION PROTECTION; ELECTRIC APPLIANCES; PRESSURIZATION; AIR INFILTRATION; MITIGATION
Description/Abstract Expedient methods were developed that could be used by an average person, using only materials readily available, to protect himself and his family from injury by toxic (e.g., radioactive) aerosols. The most effective means of protection was the use of a household vacuum cleaner to maintain a small positive pressure on a closed house during passage of the aerosol cloud. Protection factors of 800 and above were achieved.
Country of Publication United States
Language English
Format Medium: ED; Size: 58 pages
System Entry Date 2008 Feb 05
-t
Simple Respiratory Mask How-To
From the June issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases. I have written the authors for permission to distribute this freely. Meantime, for the 'chosen few' here...
RR
Simple Respiratory Mask
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1468.htm
Virginia M. Dato, David Hostler,* and Michael E. Hahn*
*University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
To the Editor: The US Department of Labor recommends air-purifying respirators (e.g., N95, N99, or N100) as part of a comprehensive respiratory protection program for workers directly involved with avian influenza–infected birds or patients (1). N95 respirators have 2 advantages over simple cloth or surgical masks; they are >95% efficient at filtering 0.3-μm particles (smaller than the 5-μm size of large droplets—created during talking, coughing, and sneezing—which usually transmit influenza) and are fit tested to ensure that infectious droplets and particles do not leak around the mask (2–4). Even if N95 filtration is unnecessary for avian influenza, N95 fit offers advantages over a loose-fitting surgical mask by eliminating leakage around the mask.
The World Health Organization recommends protective equipment including masks (if they not available, a cloth to cover the mouth is recommended) for persons who must handle dead or ill chickens in regions affected by H5N1 (5). Quality commercial masks are not always accessible, but anecdotal evidence has showed that handmade masks of cotton gauze were protective in military barracks and in healthcare workers during the Manchurian epidemic (6,7). A simple, locally made, washable mask may be a solution if commercial masks are not available. We describe the test results of 1 handmade, reusable, cotton mask.
For material, we choose heavyweight T-shirts similar to the 2-ply battle dress uniform T-shirts used for protective masks against ricin and saxitoxin in mouse experiments (8). Designs and T-shirts were initially screened with a short version of a qualitative Bitrex fit test (9) (Allegro Industries, Garden Grove, CA, USA). The best were tested by using a standard quantitative fit test, the Portacount Plus Respirator Fit Tester with N95-Companion (TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) (10). Poor results from the initial quantitative fit testing on early prototypes resulted in the addition of 4 layers of material to the simplest mask design. This mask is referred to as the prototype mask (Figure).
A Hanes Heavyweight 100% preshrunk cotton T-shirt (made in Honduras) (http://www.hanesprintables.com/Globals/Faq.aspx) was boiled for 10 minutes and air-dried to maximize shrinkage and sterilize the material in a manner available in developing countries. A scissor, marker, and ruler were used to cut out 1 outer layer (≈37 × 72 cm) and 8 inner layers (<18 cm2). The mask was assembled and fitted as shown in the Figure.
A fit factor is the number generated during quantitative fit testing by simulating workplace activities (a series of exercises, each 1 minute in duration). The Portacount Plus Respirator Fit Tester with N95-Companion used for the test is an ambient aerosol instrument that measures aerosol concentration outside and inside the prototype mask. The challenge agent used is the ambient microscopic dust and other aerosols that are present in the air.
A commercially available N95 respirator requires a fit factor of 100 to be considered adequate in the workplace. The prototype mask achieved a fit factor of 67 for 1 author with a Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) panel face size of 4, a common size. Although insufficient for the workplace, this mask offered substantial protection from the challenge aerosol and showed good fit with minimal leakage. The other 2 authors with LANL panel face size 10, the largest size, achieved fit factors of 13 and 17 by making the prototype mask inner layers slightly larger (22 cm2).
We do not advocate use of this respirator in place of a properly fitted commercial respirator. Although subjectively we did not find the work of breathing required with the prototype mask to be different from that required with a standard N95 filtering facepiece, persons with respiratory compromise of any type should not use this mask. While testers wore the mask for an hour without difficulty, we cannot comment on its utility during strenuous work or adverse environmental conditions.
We showed that a hand-fashioned mask can provide a good fit and a measurable level of protection from a challenge aerosol. Problems remain. When made by naive users, this mask may be less effective because of variations in material, assembly, facial structure, cultural practices, and handling. No easy, definitive, and affordable test can demonstrate effectiveness before each use. Wearers may find the mask uncomfortable.
We encourage innovation to improve respiratory protection options. Future studies must be conducted to determine levels of protection achieved when naive users, following instructions, produce a similar mask from identical or similar raw materials. Research is needed to determine the minimal level of protection needed when resources are not available for N95 air-purifying respirators since the pandemic threat from H5N1 and other possible influenza strains will exist for the foreseeable future.
References
1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidance for protecting workers against avian flu. [cited 2005 Oct 23]. Available from http://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/avian-flu.html
2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 42 CFR Part 84 Respiratory protective devices. 1995 [cited 2005 Oct 23]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pt84abs2.html
3. Garner, JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17:53–80.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory performance evaluation of N95 filtering facepiece respirators, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998.47:1045–9.
5. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Advice for people living in areas affected by bird flu or avian influenza. 2004 Nov 8 [cited 2005 Oct 22]. Available from http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/04FA6993-8CD1-
4B72-ACB9-EB0EBD3D0CB1/0/Advice10022004rev08112004.pdf
6. Capps JA. Measures for the prevention and control of respiratory infections in military camps. JAMA. 1918;71:448–50.
7. Kool, JL. Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1166–72.
8. Darling RG. Biological warfare and bioterrorism. Slides 47 and 48. [cited 2006 Mar 19]. Available from http://www.regionsem.org/~trjoing/pa.../Slides with
%20Notes/Biological%20Warfare%20&%20Bioterrorism.pdf
9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Fit testing procedures (mandatory)–1910.134 App A. [cited 2006 Jan 21]. Available from http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owad...ument?p_table=
STANDARDS&p_id=9780&p_text_version=FALSE#Appendix% 20A
10. TSI incorporated. How to quantitatively fit test filtering-face piece respirators using a TSI Portacount Plus and N95-Companion (ITI-054) c2006. [cited 2006 Jan 21]. Available from http://www.tsi.com/AppNotes/appnotes...5&file=iti_054
Suggested citation for this article:
Dato VM, Hostler D, Hahn ME. Simple respiratory mask [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2006 Jun [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1468.htm
====
My reply to the author:
Dear Virginia Dato,
I read your paper on a simple respiratory mask with interest. It's a good contribution to the literature.
you may be interested in some other, related resources. The first, I am including as an attachment and is an article from the Popular Science, December 1942 issue on making a homemade gas mask.
Secondly, I have seen material on making homemade masks to protect against tear gas in the literature of various protest groups. These vary somewhat, and while the sources I'm thinking of I don't have a link for, you are likely to find similar material here:
http://www.bostoncoop.net/balm/index.html#lib
If you scroll down past BALM's library, the next section is links to a number of "street medic" groups and most, if not all will have an on line library. You are highly likely to find material of interest.
Lastly, The DoE Info Bridge has material of interest to you. I would suggest the search terms" filter expedient or filter improvised.
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/basicsearch.jsp
In particular, NUREG/CR-2958; SAND-82-7084 Expedient methods of respiratory protection. II. Leakage tests. Final report discusses leakage tests on manikins through expedient masks made of t-shirts, washcloth and handkerchief material. You are likely to find related documents on that site. As an aside, they found pantyhose a very effective strapping material to assure a tight seal.
I do remember another on that side discussing creating a positive pressure room in a house using duct tape, plastic sheet and a vacuum cleaner. Related to the area protection research, NWSS discusses how to make an air filter from rolls of toilet paper, a furness filter and a bellows made from cardboard boxes.
hmmm... the second edition has gotten rid of that design, though it can be found in the back of a science fiction novel, "Pulling Through" by Dean Ing. Here is the new Design:
http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p937.htm
http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p917.htm
Hope that helps,
-t
====
addendum:
Some of the “street medic” improvised masks involved wetting the mask. IIRC, with vinegar. Another design involved sewing fabric at intervals, forming troughs or long pockets into which was put activated charcoal (common source – fish tanks or poison antidote). Several of these were formed into a mask, with the “pockets” offset 50% so at no point were you breathing through a seam.
-t
====
Virginia Dato has extended her kind permission to freely distribute the plans and article, as is her intent that it be, with an eye towards improving upon the mask as practical.
RR
====
Found that other paper I was thinking of. It's allso available in fulltext on the infobridge.
Title Emergency Protection from Aerosols
Creator/Author Cristy, G.A.
Publication Date 2001 Nov 13
OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 788898
Report Number(s) ORNL-5519
DOE Contract Number AC05-00OR22725
DOI 10.2172/788898
Other Number(s) TRN: AH200136%%165
Resource Type Technical Report
Resource Relation Other Information: PBD: 13 Nov 2001
Coverage Topical
Research Org Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (US)
Sponsoring Org US Department of Energy (US)
Subject 61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY; AEROSOLS; HOUSEHOLDS; RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS; RADIATION PROTECTION; ELECTRIC APPLIANCES; PRESSURIZATION; AIR INFILTRATION; MITIGATION
Description/Abstract Expedient methods were developed that could be used by an average person, using only materials readily available, to protect himself and his family from injury by toxic (e.g., radioactive) aerosols. The most effective means of protection was the use of a household vacuum cleaner to maintain a small positive pressure on a closed house during passage of the aerosol cloud. Protection factors of 800 and above were achieved.
Country of Publication United States
Language English
Format Medium: ED; Size: 58 pages
System Entry Date 2008 Feb 05
-t
Last edited:
tangent4ronpaul
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LibertyEagle
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What are those few throwing at the police?
freedom.
Suzanimal
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I believe they're throwing back tear gas that was thrown at them.
ronpaulhawaii
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They are throwing the teargas back. Occasionally some will throw rocks but more people tell em to quit pretty quick. Hands Up! - Don't Shoot!
Cleaner44
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I think throwing the tear gas back at the cops is great. I wish more people would be well equipped with ear plugs and gloves and such.
XNavyNuke
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Dr.3D
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Nice the police are providing ear protection.
ronpaulhawaii
Member
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tangent4ronpaul
Banned
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THat will seriously burn your hands. GLOVES!
\
TEASE! let me know if you ever get tired of her...
-t
ronpaulhawaii
Member
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One guy showed second degree burns on his finger tips...
it ain't over till its over..
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